Using Packages

Containers Containers for hquids consist principally of drums, pads, and cans made of steel or plastic and of bottles and vials made of plastic or glass. The chemical industiy is often involved with all these containers, but the most frequently used packages for industrial chemicals are steel drums ana pails. For exotic products, stainless-steel drums and pails are available. The most common types used are 208-L (55-gal) drums and 19-L (5-gal) pails. 

Containers for solids include bags, bulk boxes, cartons, and drums. While the intermediate flexible bulk container (IBC) has become an important package of world commerce, the most used package remains the multiwaU paper bag, supplemented by bags of similar design made of plastic film or plastic woven mesh. 

The principal uses of polyfethylene terephthalate) film are electrical, particularly in capacitors, as slot liners for motors and for recording tape. Its high strength and dimensional stability have led to a number of drawing office applications. The film is also a useful packaging material whilst metallised products have a number of uses as a decorative material. 

The series of standards presented in this paper provides a useful package for assessment and design of HVAC systems and protective equipment to be used in moderate, cold, and hot environments. The standards may be used to estimate the optimal combination of environmental thermal factors that will provide comfortable or tolerable healthy working conditions. The standards may also be used to establish optimal work/rest schedules for environments where the working time must be limited owdng to strain on the human body. Several of these standards are being adopted as national standards in several countries. 

Air-cooled condensers require a large air flow for a given heat rejection duty and the limitation on their use is reached on account of their size and the need to get enough air. Water or evaporative cooling should always be considered as a possibility, except for smaller sizes or where using packaged condensing units. 

The use of chilled water or a non-freeze solution for heat transfer is now replacing many applications where direct expansion of refrigerant has been used in the past. The method gives the advantage of using packaged liquid chillers. 

Water vapor, oxygen, and grease are three of the most troublesome materials to contain or exclude from a package. Table I indicates the ability of the most commonly used packaging films to resist passage of water, oxygen, and grease. 

Paper is one of the oldest and most commonly used packaging materials. Generally it is used to keep a product clean and for mechanical strength when combined with other materials. It does not protect a product from atmospheric change, but only from mechanical contaminants such as dirt. Coated papers are much more functional. Waxed papers fall into this category and provide much better protection from moisture and, in some cases, from gas (oxygen) transmission. 

Fireworks (Pyrots). These devices are usually packaged in fiber boxes or drums of not over 65 lbs gross wt. If wooden boxes are used gross wt is not to exceed 150 lbs. For many types of individual items tin cans, fiberboard boxes, or self-contained special prepacking is used. Packaging is usually limited to 150 boxes per over-box (Refs 33 and 34)... 

Industry estimates suggest that, for the two major uses — packaging and rigid construction, accounting for over 85% of use — the products in question are produced at 55 PVC processing plants across the EU. For all uses, there are estimated to be 130 major plants and a further 250 smaller users, spread fairly evenly across the EU (ESPA, 2002). 

Davos, 22nd-26th March 1993, paper 6/4. 8(13) COMBUSTION OF SHREDDED USED PACKAGING IN A MULTI-FUEL CFB BOILER... 

Energy recovery from packaging waste is discussed, with particular reference to the co-combustion of mixed plastics with other conventional fuels such as wood, coal and peat. Experimental work is described in which a project was established to evaluate the possibility of energy recovery from a circulating fluidised bed boiler using packaging from different sources as fuel. The role of sulphur in the formation of PCDD/F in the combustion process was also studied. 

The EU Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste sets a recovery target for used packaging of 25% by 2001 and 50-65% by 2005. It is likely that recycling of postconsumer plastics will require substantial polymer/additive analyses. 

There are many successful examples of compliance packaging in the marketplace. These include oral contraceptives, unit-of-use packaging for steroids, convenience paks, and blister packaging systems that incorporate reminder and information leaflets (the MACPAC). 

Within the scope of a package, as discussed in Chapter 7, Using Packages. 

Document structure should be systematic, always separating external from internal views of things and further separating different aspects or areas of concern. Document structure corresponds to our packages and has a clear and uncircular structure of reference between them, as discussed in Chapter 7, Using Packages. 

This chapter deals primarily with how to use packages in the building of other packages and how to interpret the resulting compositions. It also discusses some nuances of specifying and composing specifications of operations in the presence of exceptions. 

Uses Packages Imports, uses, needs the presence of (more general than calls )... 

Parts II, III, and IV cover basic techniques for modeling with objects and advanced techniques for factoring and then recombining models and designs using packages, frameworks, and components. They do not describe a development process the steps to validate and document these models. 

Do not confuse the use of a component with the definition of the component. One component may be shared between the implementations of several others. In each use, there may be particular restrictions or simplifications that apply these are not part of the intrinsic definition of the shared part. Use packages to distinguish these. 

Use package diagrams to show the third-party and library components you will use. If you use a layered architecture, in which higher layers can call only layers below them, you... 

---