Planning for Expansion

The Great Canadian Oil Sands, Ltd. (GCO) (Sun Oil Co.) has been operating a plant at Eort McMurray, Alberta, Canada, since 1967. Initially, some 8050 t/d (55,000 bbl/d) of synthetic cmde oil was produced from coking (158) with the project expanding to 9220 t/d (63,000 bbl/d). Since 1978, Syncmde Canada has been producing ca 22,000 m /d (140,000 bbl) synthetic cmde oil by fluid coking from their plant at Cold Lake, Alberta, Canada (159) with expansion planned for ca 35,000 m /d (225,000 bbl/d). 

There are presently 16 synthetic methanol producers in the United States. These are listed in Table 6.7. Except for a small (10,000 ton/yr) plant to be built in West Covina, California, by TeraMeth, there are no expansions planned for the United States. 

The IAEA Guidebook, "Interaction of Grid Characteristics with Design and Performance of Nuclear Power Plants" (TRS 224) gives an overview of the associated problems and their solution. Other relevant informtion is presented in the IAEA Guidebooks, "Introduction of Nuclear Power (TRS 217) and "Expansion Planning for Electrical Generating Systems" (TRS 241). 

Expansion Planning for Electrical Generating Systems, A Guidebook, Technical Reports Series No. 241, IAEA, Vienna (1983). 

Supply and demand statistics for 1988 for all regions of the wodd as compiled by SRI International are given in Table 5. The wodd producers of acetal resins and their aimual capacities are Hsted in Table 6 (29). Hoechst Celanese and Ultraform Corporation (a joint venture of Degussa and BASF) have aimounced capacity expansions in the United States to 77,000 t and 16,000 t, respectively both were due in place in 1990. Part of general capacity expansion plans, aimounced by Du Pont for completion in 1991, are beHeved to apply to acetal resins. 

Because of projected nylon-6,6 growth of 4—10% (167) per year in the Far East, several companies have announced plans for that area. A Rhc ne-Poulenc/Oriental Chemical Industry joint venture (Kofran) announced a 1991 startup for a 50,000-t/yr plant in Onsan, South Korea (168,169). Asahi announced plans for a 15,000-t/yr expansion of adipic acid capacity at their Nobeoka complex in late 1989, accompanied by a 60,000-t/yr cyclohexanol plant at Mizushima based on their new cyclohexene hydration technology (170). In early 1990 the Du Pont Company announced plans for a major nylon-6,6 complex for Singapore, including a 90,000-t/yr adipic acid plant due to start up in 1993 (167). Plans or negotiations for other adipic acid capacity in the area include Formosa Plastics (Taiwan) (171) and BASF-Hyundai Petrochemical (South Korea) (167). Adipic acid is a truly worldwide... 

There are 12 producers of ethylene oxide ia the United States. Table 9 shows the plant locations, estimated capacities, and types of processes employed. The total U.S. production capacity for 1992 was ca 3.4 x 10 metric tons. The percentages of total domestic production made by the air- and oxygen-based processes are ca 20 and 80%, respectively. The largest producer is Union Carbide Corp. with approximately one-third of the United States ethylene oxide capacity. About 94% of domestic ethylene oxide capacity is located on the Gulf Coast near secure and plentiful ethylene suppHes. Plans for additional U.S. production ia the 1990s have been announced by Union Carbide (incremental expansions), Eormosa Plastics (at Pt. Comfort, Texas), and Shell (at Geismar, Louisiana) (101). 

In general, when the equipment is either difficult to operate or very expensive, it is desirable to specify equipment large enough to handle the expansion. Whenever this is done, calculations must be made to determine whether the equipment can produce the desired result for both the initial and the expanded conditions. Whenever this is not the case, the equipment should be sized for the initial rate. Then, when the expansion occurs, another unit may be added in parallel or in series. Plans for this should be made at the initial stages of design, so that adequate space can be reserved for this equipment. Much of the material that follows on specific types of equipment was obtained from an article by James M. Robertson.5... 

Loeb s latest figures were for the years 1938-40. For some explosives, Krauch believed there could be a greater expansion than Loeb had planned for others, he believed that the current... 

Research and development activities for thorium fuel cycles have been conducted in Germany, the USA, India, Japan, Russia and the UK during the last 30 years at a much smaller scale than uranium and uranium-plutonium cycles. Nowadays, India, in particular, has made the utilisation of thorium a major goal in its nuclear power programme, as it has ambitious nuclear expansion plans and significant indigenous thorium resources. 

Table 3.8 shows the new strategic plan for all refineries in terms of crude oil supply combinations, production expansions, and integration network design between the refineries. In response to the increase in the diesel production requirements by more... 

If we assume that we do not have any problem with non-dynamical correlation, we may assume that there is little need to reoptimize the MOs even if we do not plan to carry out the expansion in Eq. (7.10) to its full CI limit. In that case, the problem is reduced to determining the expansion coefficients for each excited CSF that is included. The energies E of N different CI wave functions (i.e., corresponding to different variationally determined sets of coefficients) can be determined from the N roots of the CI secular equation... 

It is interesting to note how PV and quality assurance (QA) have expanded to include not only technology transfer but also some of the development activity namely, PV associated with clinical supplies production. Another factor that has influenced the need to validate the manufacturing process is the involvement of the contractor, whose site has become the primary or alternate location for the sponsor to manufacture the clinical or commercial product. With this expansion it was inevitable that organizations would formalize the master validation plan as a building block of TQM. Furthermore, it is appropriate to include the validation plan for each clinical production process in the master validation plan. 

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