Biotechnology industrial

Nowadays biocatalysis is a well-assessed methodology that has moved from the original status of academic curiosity to become a widely exploited technique for preparative-scale reactions, up to the point that the so-called industrial biotechnology (to which biocatalysis contributes to the most extent) is one of the three pillars of the modern sustainable chemistry. 

Airlift loop reactor (ALR), basically a specially structured bubble column, has been widely used in chemical industry, biotechnology and environmental protection, due to its high efficiency in mixing, mass transfer, heat transfer etc [1]. In these processes, multiple reactions are commonly involved, in addition to their complicated aspects of mixing, mass transfer, and heat transfer. The interaction of all these obviously affects selectivity of the desired products [2]. It is, therefore, essential to develop efficient computational flow models to reveal more about such a complicated process and to facilitate design and scale up tasks of the reactor. However, in the past decades, most involved studies were usually carried out in air-water system and the assumed reactor constructions were oversimplified which kept itself far away from the real industrial conditions [3] [4]. 

From this one ancestral fungus each penicillin manufacturer has evolved a particular production strain by a series of mutagenic treatments, each followed by the selection of improved variants. These selected variants have proved capable of producing amounts of penicillin far greater than those produced by the wild strain, especially when fermented on media under particular control conditions developed in parallel with the strains. These strain selection procedures have become a fundamental feature of industrial biotechnology. 

Applications Major application areas of LC-MS technology are pharmaceuticals (up to (LC-PDA-ESP)4-MS configurations), environmental protection (metal spe-ciation), food industry, biotechnology, petrochemicals and consumer products. Many of the additives used in plastics production are insufficiently volatile to be analysed by GC-MS, and are more readily analysed by LC-MS. Similarly, some oligomers are not readily... 

Herrera, S. (2004) Industrial biotechnology - a chance at redemption. Nature Biotechnology, 22 (6), 671-675. 

Mathur, E.J., Toledo, G., Green, B.D. et al. (2005) A biodiversity-based approach to development of performance enzymes applied metagenomics and directed evolution. Industrial Biotechnology, 1, 283-287. 

Verdoes, J.C. (2007) A dedicated vector for efficient library construction and high throughput screening in the hyphal fungus Chrysosporium lucknowense. Industrial Biotechnology, 3 (1), 48-57. 

Hatti-Kaul, R., Tornvall, U., Gustafsson, L. and Borjesson, P. (2007) Industrial biotechnology for the production of bio-based chemicals - a cradle-to-grave perspective. Trends in Biotechnology, 25 (3), 119-124. 

Wagner, A., Cooper, S. and Riedlinger, M. (2005) Natural nanotubes enhance biodegradable and biocompatible nanocomposites. Industrial Biotechnology, 1, 190-193. 

Reliable measurements of L-lactate are of great interest in clinical chemistry, the dairy and vine industry, biotechnology, or sport medicine. In particular, blood lactate levels are indicative of various pathological states, including shock, respiratory insufficiencies, and heart and liver diseases. Silica sol-gel encapsulation of the lactate dehydrogenase and its cofactor was employed as a disposable sensor for L-lactate51. The sensor utilized the changes in absorbance or fluorescence from reduced cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) upon exposure to L-lactate. 

Decolorization of azo dyes by WRF technology improvements will require integration of all major areas of industrial biotechnology novel enzymes and microorganisms, functional genomics, protein engineering, biomaterial development, bioprocess design and applications. 

Classical examples of industrial biotechnology include the manufacture of ethanol, lactic acid, citric acid, and glutamic acid. The share of renewables in the feedstock of the chemical industry is expected to increase substantially in the years to come [2-4], A newcomer here is propane-1,3-diol (DuPont/Tate Lyle), with the start-up of industrial fermentation foreseen within one year. 

Riese, J., Bachmann, R. Industrial biotechnology Turning the potential into profits,... 

Industrial Biotechnology and Sustainable Chemistry, Royal Belgian Academy Council of Applied Sciences, January 2004. 

Gebelein, C. and Carraher, C. 1995. Industrial Biotechnological Polymers. Technomic, Lancaster, PA. Hecht, S.M. 1998. Bioorganic Chemistry Carbohydrates. Oxford University Press, Cary, NC. 

Figure 4.1 Shown here are industrial biotechnology reactors used to grow cells for production of biotechnology products. Temperature, pH, and other conditions are carefully monitored and controlled. Industrial biotechnology reactors can hold thousands of liters and stand two stories high.

Note Check references listed in aiticles on Biotechnology (Bioprocess Engineering) Genetics and Gene Science (Classical) and Industrial Biotechnology. 

ENZYME. An enzyme is a protein that serves as a catalyst for a particular biological transformation—as, for example, the conversion of sugar into alcohol and water. Because of the make-up of the genetic material, most enzymes are highly specific. As discussed in the article on Industrial Biotechnology, this specificity is very advantageous in bioprocessing. 

Fermentation is discussed in numerous other entries in thtscncyclopedia. In particular, see also Enzyme Ethyl Alcohnl Genetics and Gene Science (Classical Industrial Biotechnology Molecular Biology and Yeasts and Molds... 

See also Uiotcchnology (Bioprocess Engineering) Genetic Engineering Industrial Biotechnology and Proteins. 

The regulatory situation is liable to change and is also subject to the influence of various interest groups. The proponents of industrial biotechnology, represented for example by the BIO and EuropaBio industry associations, need to maintain or even increase the level of activity on this front, which requires commitment from their members. 

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