Protein industry, biotechnology

Decolorization of azo dyes by WRF technology improvements will require integration of all major areas of industrial biotechnology novel enzymes and microorganisms, functional genomics, protein engineering, biomaterial development, bioprocess design and applications. 

ENZYME. An enzyme is a protein that serves as a catalyst for a particular biological transformation—as, for example, the conversion of sugar into alcohol and water. Because of the make-up of the genetic material, most enzymes are highly specific. As discussed in the article on Industrial Biotechnology, this specificity is very advantageous in bioprocessing. 

See also Uiotcchnology (Bioprocess Engineering) Genetic Engineering Industrial Biotechnology and Proteins. 

Akbar U, Aschenbrenner CD, Harper MR et al. (2007) Direct solubilization of enzyme aggregates with enhanced activity in nonaqueous media. Biotechnol Bioeng 96(6) 1030-1039 Albetghina L (2000) Protein engineering in industrial biotechnology. CRC Press, Boca Raton 376 pp. ISBN 9057024128... 

All industrial biotechnological production processes use complex cultivation media which consist of agricultural by-products (beet or cane molasses, corn-steep liquor, cottonseed meal, whey permeate, peanut floiu-, soybean meal, distillation residues, etc.). In addition polysaccharides (starch, dextrose, malt extract, maltodextrins, etc.) and proteins (e.g. caseinate, yeast autolysates, etc.) are used as energy sources for the microorganisms and cells. These systems... 

Whitford (48) provides mnch more information that is of interest to chemical engineers involved in the design and operation of fed batch processes for culture of animal cells. Shukla and Thommes (49) discnssed additional aspects of fed batch culture of mammalian cells for large scale production of monoclonal antibodies and related proteins. Further information concerning the use of bioreactors for culture of mammalian cells is contained in the article Mammalian Cell Bioreactors by Zhou and co-workers in the Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology (50). 

Yeast was the first microbial host used by mankind for biotransformation of raw materials, and it marked the early developments of industrial biotechnology. Initially, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and closely related species were used because of their high fermentative capacity and based on the vast experience from alcoholic beverage production. While a high fermentation rate is favorable for the production of bioethanol and other primary metabolites, it implicates disadvantages for growth-coupled production. Consequently, a number of other yeasts have been developed for the production of biofuels, biochemicals, lipids, or recombinant proteins. 

D.W. Urry, D.T. McPherson, J. Xu, D.C. Gowda, and T.M. Parker, Elastic and Plastic Protein-based Polymers Potential for Industrial Uses. In Industrial Biotechnological Polymers, C. Gebelein and CE. Carraher, Jr., Eds, Tech-nomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, PA, 1995, pp. 259-281. 

Urry, Dan W., McPhersttn, David X, Xu, Jie, Gowda, D. Channe and Parker, Timothy M. (1995a) Elastic and plastic protein-based polymers Potential for industrial uses, (.Am. Chem. Soc.) Div. Polym. Mat. Sci. Engr., Industrial Biotechnological Polymers, Washington, D.C., 259-281. 

Cappello. ]., Textor, G. and Baiierlc, B, (1995) Bioresorption of implanted protein polymer Hints controlled by adjustment of their silk/elastin block lengths. In Gcbelein, C.G., Carraher, C.E. Jr, (eds.), Industrial Biotechnological Polymers, Technomic Publishing Co.. Lancaster, PA, pp. 249-256. 

Out of all the techniques named above, the gel capillary electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing have become most popular for separation of DNA and proteins. As biotechnology derived drugs become more prevalent, these techniques have become very important for the pharmaceutical industry. For the conventioneil pharmaceutical industry, the most frequently used techniques are free solution capillary electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. 

How to design sequences tliat adopt a specified fold [9] This is tire inverse protein folding problem tliat is vital to the biotechnology industry. There are some proteins tliat do not spontaneously reach tire native confomiation. In tire cells tliese proteins fold witli tire assistance of helper molecules referred to as chaperonins. The chaperonin-mediated folding problem involves an understanding of tire interactions between proteins. 

Although the techniques described have resulted in the determination of many protein stmctures, the number is only a small fraction of the available protein sequences. Theoretical methods aimed at predicting the 3-D stmcture of a protein from its sequence therefore form a very active area of research. This is important both to understanding proteins and to the practical appHcations in biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industries. 

The 1980s saw many important developments in the scientific disciplines that underpin the use of protein crystallography in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Molecular biology and protein chemistry methods... 

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