Indoor compounds

Whenever unvented combustion occurs iadoors or when venting systems attached to combustion units malfunction, a variety of combustion products win be released to the iadoor environment. Iadoor combustioa units include nonelectric stoves and ovens, furnaces, hot water heaters, space heaters, and wood-burning fireplaces or stoves. Products of combustion include CO, NO, NO2, fine particles, aldehydes, polynuclear aromatics, and other organic compounds. Especially dangerous sources are unvented gas and kerosene [8008-20-6] space heaters which discharge pollutants directly into the living space. The best way to prevent the accumulation of combustion products indoors is to make sure all units are properly vented and properly maintained. 

BS ISO 16000 Indoor formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds Active and diffusive sampling... 

In nonindustrial settings, MCS substances are the cause of indoor air pollution and are the contaminants in air and water. Many of the chemicals which trigger MCS symptoms are known to be irritants or toxic to the nervous system. As an example, volatile organic compounds readily evaporate into the air at room temperature. Permitted airborne levels of such contaminants can still make ordinary people sick. When the human body is assaulted with levels of toxic chemicals that it cannot safely process, it is likely that at some point an individual will become ill. For some, the outcome could be cancer or reproductive damage. Others may become hypersensitive to these chemicals or develop other chronic disorders, while some people may not experience any noticeable health effects. Even where high levels of exposure occur, generally only a small percentage of people become chemically sensitive. 

Organic Compounds Chemicals that contain carbon. Volatile organic compounds vaporize at room temperature and pressure. They are found in many indoor sources, including many common household products and building materials. 

The perfluoroarylcadmium compounds are synthesized via reaction of indoor bromopentafluorobenzene with cadmium metal [129, 148] (equation 115) The ortho- and para-dibromotetrafluorobenzenes can give either the mono- or biscad-mium reagent depending on the reaction conditions [149] (equation 116) The mera-dibromotetrafluorobenzene gives only the monocadmium compound [149. ... 

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) VOCs are a class of gaseous pollutants containing carbon. The indoor air typically contains dozens of VOCs at concentrations that are measurable. 

Good indoor air quality, critical for a healthy home, requires effective control of pollutants and moisture. To some extent this can be accomplished by thoughtfully selecting materials that contain low levels of volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde. In addition, hard surfaces that can be easily... 

Laboratory measurements are primarily concerned with tread compound traction properties. Tread pattern and other tire parameters like cornering and longitudinal slip stiffness require still tests with tires on either large indoor machines or direct proving ground measurements. 

Formaldehyde is a harmful compound released from walls and furnitures in new houses because adhesives containing HCHO are often used in constmction materials. In addition, H CHO is emitted by tobacco smoke and combustion exhaust gases. Long exposure to HCHO causes serious health problems called sick house diseases. In Japan, the concentration of HCHO in indoor air is regulated [54] to under 0.08 ppm based on the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO). 

EPA. 1987d. Intercomparison of sampling techniques for toxic organic compounds in indoor air. Northrop Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/600/4-87/008. 

McKone TE. 1987. Human exposure to volatile organic compounds in household tap water The indoor inhalation pathway. Environmental Science and Technology 21 1194-1201. 

Wallace LA. 1986. Personal exposures, indoor and outdoor air concentrations and exhaled breath concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds measured for 600 residents of New Jersey, North Dakota, North Carolina, and California. Toxicol Environ Chem 12 215-236. 

Wallace LA, Pellizzari ED, Hartwell TD, et al. 1986a. Total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) study Personal exposures, indoor-outdoor relationships, and breath levels of volatile organic compounds in New Jersey. Environ Int 12 369-387. 

The different toxicity and bioavailability of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are a public health concern and therefore require strict control. Cr(VI) is considered to be toxic and carcinogenic, especially for the respiratory tract. In occupational health, the OEL (Occupational Exposure Limits) for water soluble and certain water insoluble compounds in indoor air is set at 0.5 mg/m for Cr, 0.5 mg/m for Cr(III), and 0.05 mg/m for Cr(VI), reflecting the different toxicities of both species. 

The tear compounds (lachrymators) cause a flow of tears and irritation of the skin. Because tear compounds produce only transient casualties, they are widely used for training, riot control, and situations where long-term incapacitation is unacceptable. When used against poorly equipped guerrilla or revolutionary armies, these compounds have proved extremely effective. When released indoors, they can cause serious illness or death. 

Martilla O, Haahtela T, Silakoski I, et al. 1994a. The South Karelia air pollution study Relationship of outdoor and indoor concentrations of malodorous sulfur compounds released by pulp mills. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 44 1093-1096. 

Pentachlorophenol concentrations in urine and serum can be used as biomarkers of internal dose (Colosio et al., 1993a). PCP concentrations up to about 30 mg/L were detected in urine samples of exposed workers, while concentrations lower than 0.3 mg/L were detected in the general population. The presence of PCP in biological samples of the general population is attributable to indoor exposure to the compound released from treated materials (furniture, leather, paints, etc.). 

Meijer A, Huijbregts M, Reijnders L (2005) Human health damages due to indoor sources of organic compounds and radioactivity in life cycle impact assessment of dwellings - part 1 characterisation factors (8 pp). Int J Life Cycle Assess 10(5) 309-316... 

From the above it can be concluded that the risk for lung cancer induction from chronic indoor exposure to Rn-d is unlikely to be higher than 1.10 4/mSv. in order to understand the magnitude of this risk it has to be emphasized that man can be exposed to a multitude of different hazardous materials in the indoor atmosphere besides Rn-d, such as formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrosamines, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, asbestos and pesticides (Gammage and Kaye, 1985). 

Human exposure to complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) occurs through inhalation of tobacco smoke and polluted indoor or outdoor air, through ingestion of certain foods and polluted water, and by dermal contact with soots, tars, and oils CO. Methylated PAH are always components of these mixtures and in some cases, as in tobacco smoke and in emissions from certain fuel processes, their concentrations can be in the same range as some unsubstituted PAH. The estimated emission of methylated PAH from mobile sources in the U.S. in 1979 was approximately 1700 metric tons (2). The occurrence of methylated and unsubstituted PAH has been recently reviewed (1, 2). In addition to their environmental occurrence, methylated PAH are among the most important model compounds in experimental carcinogenesis. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, one of... 

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