Personal exposure studies

Based on an analysis of data obtained from a large, continuous personal exposure study in Toronto, Canada, a city with widespread use of MMT, it was determined that the general population was exposed to low concentrahons (median concentration was 0.008 pg/m ) of airborne PM2 5 manganese (Lynam et al. 1999). Ambient levels of manganese in Toronto were approximately the same as cities where MMT is not used. Traffic densities were not take into consideration. Also, high levels of airborne manganese were measured in the Toronto subway. 

Exposure to metal carbonyls can present a serious health threat. Nickel carbonyl is considered to be one of the most poisonous inorganic compounds. However, the toxicological information available on metal carbonyls is restricted to the mote common, commercially important compounds such as Ni(CO)4 and Ee(CO). Other metal carbonyls are considered potentially dangerous, especially ia the gaseous state, by analogy to nickel and iron carbonyls. Data concerning toxicological studies on a few common metal carbonyls are Hsted ia Table 6 (185). Additional toxicity data are OSHA personal exposure limits (PEL) for Ee(CO) this is 8 h at 0.1 ppm, whereas for the much more toxic Ni(CO)4 it is 8 h at 0.001 ppm, with a toxic concentration TCLq low (of 7 mg/m ) for human inhalation. 

Wallace, L. A., et al. (1983) Personal Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study Summary and Analysis Vol. I. 

Trichloroethylene levels monitored in expired breath of 190 New Jersey residents were correlated with personal exposure levels, which were consistently higher than outdoor air levels and were instead attributed to indoor air levels (Wallace et al. 1985). Other studies have expanded upon and confirmed these findings, concluding that indoor air is a more significant exposure source of trichloroethylene than outdoor air, even near major point sources such as chemical plants (Wallace 1986 Wallace et al. 1986a, 1986b, 1986c,... 

Wallace LA, Pellizzari ED, Hartwell TD, et al. 1986a. Total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) study Personal exposures, indoor-outdoor relationships, and breath levels of volatile organic compounds in New Jersey. Environ Int 12 369-387. 

Wallace LA, Pellizzari ED, Sheldon L, et al. 1986d. The total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) study Direct measurement of personal exposures through air and water for 600 residents of several U.S. cities. In Cohen Y, ed. Pollutants in a multimedia environment. New York, NY Plenum Publishing Corp., 289-315. 

Exposure Levels in Humans. Human exposure levels to acrylonitrile can only be estimated based on average concentrations in air, food and water. Direct studies of personal exposure levels for individuals with exposures judged to be average and above average (e.g., people living near industrial sources or hazardous waste sites) would be helpful in improving total dose estimates, and in identifying exposure pathways of concern. 

This is a temporal study of personal exposures to particulate matter in a panel of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Fifteen subjects will be monitored... 

Relationship Between Personal, Outdoor and Indoor Air Concentrations (RIOPA) The overall goal of the national multicenter (Elizabeth, NJ, Houston, TX, and Los Angeles County, CA) RIOPA study is to establish a scientific foundation for effective, timely, public health intervention strategies. Outdoor, indoor, and personal exposures of adults and children to PM are measured and evaluated by mass, elemental, chemical, and source apportionment analyses in the other research programs. Non-smoking asthmatic and non-asthmatic adults and their children are included. Monitoring occurs... 

Leeser et al. (1990) study, because it was the lowest no-observed-adverseeffect level (NOAEL). Using the 8-h value of 1 ppm as the basis for time scaling to shorter durations, the conservative relationship of C3Xt=k was chosen for the derivations. The 10-minute (min) AEGL-1 was set equal to the 30-min value so as not to exceed the highest personal exposure concentration of 3.3 ppm in the well-conducted Leeser et al. (1990) study. 

Studies of workers exposed to high levels of chlordecone indicate that pleuritic chest pain was a relatively common complaint (Cannon et al. 1978 Taylor 1982, 1985). Examination of workers with this complaint revealed no cause for the pains. Since oral exposure studies in animals did not identify any respiratory end points that may have been affected following ingestion of chlordecone (Larson et al. 1979b) and no inhalation exposure studies were located, a possible physiological basis for the workers complaints has not been identified. Insufficient information is available to determine whether persons exposed to low levels of chlordecone at hazardous waste sites would experience adverse respiratory effects, but the possibility cannot be discounted. 

Levy, J. I., K. Lee, J. D. Spengler, and Y. Yanagisawa, Impact of Residential Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure on Personal Exposure An International Study, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 48, 553-560 (1998). 

Ozkaynak, H., J. Xue, J. D. Spengler, L. A. Wallace, E. D. Pellizzari, and P. Jenkins, Personal Exposure to Airborne Particles and Metals Results from the Particle TEAM Study in Riverside, CA, J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol., 6, 57-78 (1996). 

Wallace, L.A., Pellizzari, E.D., Hartwell, T.D., Sparacino, C., Whitmore, R., Sheldon, L., Zelon, H. Perritt, R. (1987a) The TEAM study personal exposures to toxic substances in air, drinking water and breath of 400 residents in New Jersey, North Carolina and North Dakota. Environ. Res., 43, 290-307... 

The EPA has conducted four major studies of actual human exposure using monitors worn by random samples of people. The results are shocking. Smoking, clothes that had been dry cleaned and hung in closets, and heated water in showers and clothes washers (i.e., chloroform from chlorinated water) are major sources of human exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), all of which exceeded outdoor exposure sources by two to five times at the median exposure level. The major sources of exposure to another VOC, p-dichlorobenzene, are toilet fresheners and mothballs. Pesticide exposure stems from two main sources (1) vapors emitted by soil into homes through basements and (2) soil tracked into buildings on shoes. Major stationary and mobile sources account for only 2 to 25 percent of personal exposure to the two dozen or so VOCs and pesticides that the EPA studied (Wallace 1993, 138 Ott and Roberts 1998). 

Surveys have reported full-shift personal exposures measured by the companies and the study investigators in four acrylonitrile production plants in the United States (Zey et al., 1989 Zey McCammon, 1990 Zey et al., 1990a,b). The monomer production operators had 8-h time-weighted average (TWA,) personal exposures of about 1 ppm [2.2 mg/m3] or less from about 1978 to 1986, with some TWAg levels greater than... 

Exposure studies can be carried out aiming to estimate exposure of one individual (personal exposure) or of a larger population group (population exposure), through direct or indirect methods. Direct methods are measurements made by personal portable exposure monitors. The personal exposure monitoring devices that people carry with them must be lightweight, silent, highly autonomous and... 

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