INDEX Hydrochloric acid

Bromine (128 g., 0.80 mole) is added dropwise to the well-stirred mixture over a period of 40 minutes (Note 4). After all the bromine has been added, the molten mixture is stirred at 80-85° on a steam bath for 1 hour, or until it solidifies if that happens first (Note 5). The complex is added in portions to a well-stirred mixture of 1.3 1. of cracked ice and 100 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in a 2-1. beaker (Note 6). Part of the cold aqueous layer is added to the reaction flask to decompose whatever part of the reaction mixture remains there, and the resulting mixture is added to the beaker. The dark oil that settles out is extracted from the mixture with four 150-ml. portions of ether. The extracts are combined, washed consecutively with 100 ml. of water and 100 ml. of 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and transferred to a short-necked distillation flask. The ether is removed by distillation at atmospheric pressure, and crude 3-bromo-acetophenone is stripped from a few grams of heavy dark residue by distillation at reduced pressure. The colorless distillate is carefully fractionated in a column 20 cm. long and 1.5 cm. in diameter that is filled with Carborundum or Heli-Pak filling. 4 hc combined middle fractions of constant refractive index are taken as 3-l)romoaccto])lu iu)nc weight, 94 -100 g. (70-75%) l).p. 75 76°/0.5 mm. tif 1.57,38 1.5742 m.]). 7 8° (Notes 7 and 8). 

Ethyl Benzoate.—This ester has not been found, so far, to occur naturally in essential oils. It has, however, been prepared by synthetic processes, for example, by condensing ethyl alcohol with benzoic acid by means of dry hydrochloric acid gas. Its odour is very similar to that of methyl benzoate (q.v.), but not quite so strong. It is an oil of specific gravity I OfilO, refractive index 1 5055, and boiling-point 213° at 745 mm. It is soluble in two volumes of 70 per cent, alcohol. 

Ethyl Cinnamate.—The cinnamic ester of ethyl alcohol is a natural constituent of a few essential oils, including camphor oil and storax. It is formed synthetically by condensing cinnamic acid and ethyl alcohol by dry hydrochloric acid gas. It has a soft and sweet odour, and is particularly suitable for blending in soap perfumes. It is an oil at ordinary temperatures, melting at 12°, and boiling at 271°. Its specific gravity is 1 0546, and its refractive index 1 5590. 

The residue comprising chiefly cyclopentylacetonitrile is washed with dilute hydrochloric acid to remove any amine which may have been formed during the hydrogenation process, and the organic residue comprising cyclopentylacetonitrile is dissolved in ether, the ether solution dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and distilled. The cyclopentylacetonitrile boils at 185° to 187°C and has a refractive index of no = 1.4456. 

To a solution of 93.8 g of the monoglycol ester in 500 ml of benzene, there are added 55 g of nicotinic acid chloride and 25 g of trimethylemine dissolved in 200 ml of benzene. The solution is stirred gently at a temperature of 60°C for two hours. After this time, the solution is cooled and washed successively with water, dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute ammonia and water until neutrality, it is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the sol vent Is evaporated under vacuum In this wey llOg of glycol 2-(p-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionate nico-tlnate Is prepared, which represents a yield of 84%. The product is a sllghly yellow oil having a refraction index of no = 1.5422 and which is distilled with decomposition et 214°C at a pressure of 0.3 mm. 

The hydrochloric acid is added to provide chloride ion as an index of complete washing. 

Colorless or yellow oily liquid fumes in air freezes at 2.8°C boils at 140°C with some decomposition bp 85°C at 55 torr density 2.336g/mL at 20°C refractive index 1.601 decomposes in water soluble in hydrochloric acid, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. 

Hydrochloric acid is a colorless to yellowish liquid (the yellow coloration may be due to traces of iron, chlorine or organics contaminants) fumes in air refractive index of 1.0 N solution 1.3417 density of commercial concentrated acid (37.8 g/lOOg solution) 1.19 g/mL, and constant boiling solution (20.22 g/lOOg solution) 1.096 g/mL at 25°C forms a constant boiling azeotrope with water at HCl concentration 20.22% the azeotrope boils at 108.6°C several metal chlorides can be salted out of their aqueous solutions by addition of HCl the addition of CaCL can break the azeotrope the pH of the acid at 1.0, 0.1 and 0.01 N concentrations are 0.10, 1.1, and 2.02, respectively a 10.0 M solution ionizes to 92.6% at 18°C. 

Pale yellow or colorless liquid corrosive refractive index 1.651 at 20°C density 2.42 g/mL at 22°C freezes at 8.5°C boils at 176.4°C decomposes at 176.4°C decomposes in water forming hydrochloric acid and selenious acid soluble in carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, benzene, and toluene. 

Colorless, mobde hquid turns yellow on standing very pungent odor refractive index 1.4437 at 20°C density 1.667 g/mL at 20°C vapors heavier than air, vapor density 4.7 (air=l) melts at -51°C bods at 69.4°C sparingly soluble in water, decomposing slowly to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids forms a hydrate S02C12 I5H2O with ice-cold water miscible with benzene, toluene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and glacial acetic acid decomposed by alkalies (violent reaction occurs)... 

A bright white metal soft and ductile body-centered cubic structure index of refraction 3.03 density 5.96 g/cm melts at 1,910°C vaporizes at 3,407°C electrical resistivity, 18.1 microhm-cm at 0°C and 20.1 microhm-cm at 25°C magnetic susceptibility 1.4x10 cgs units modulus of elasticity 18-19x10 psi shear modulus 6.73xl0 psi Poisson s ratio 0.36 thermal neutron absorption cross section 5 barns/atom insoluble in water, dilute sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid at all concentrations soluble in nitric acid, aqua regia, and concentrated sulfuric acid insoluble in alkalies. 

White, heavy, amorphous powder or monoclinic crystals refractive index 2.13 density 5.68 g/cm Mohs hardness 6.5 transforms to tetragonal structure above 1,100°C and cubic form above 1,900°C melts at 2,710°C and vaporizes at about 4,300°C insoluble in water soluble in hydrofluoric acid and hot sulfuric, nitric and hydrochloric acids. 

The octahydrate is a white silky sohd tetragonal crystals consisting of tetramers effloresces refractive index 1.552 density 1.91 g/cm loses six water molecules at 150°C becomes anhydrous at 210°C decomposes at 400°C soluble in water aqueous solution acidic also soluble in alcohol and ether slightly soluble in hydrochloric acid... 

To a distillation flask is added 29.0 gm (0.244 mole) of 3-bromopropyne and 2.5 gm (0.0174 mole) of dry cuprous bromide. The flask is attached to a concentric-tube column (25-30 theoretical plates), and the temperature of the flask is controlled so that the takeoff temperature at the head remains at 72.8°-73.5°C. In 24 hr, 24.4 gm (84 %) of bromopropadiene of 75-85 % purity is obtained. The remaining 3-bromopropyne (propargyl bromide) is removed by washing the product with a 40 % aqueous solution of diethylamine. Three to four moles of diethylamine is used for each mole of propargyl bromide in the product as calculated from VPC or refractive index data. After swirling the mixture (acidified with 15 % hydrochloric acid) for hr, the organic layer is separated, washed with water, dried over potassium carbonate, and distilled quickly under reduced pressure into a Dry Ice-cooled receiver to afford pure bromopropadiene, b.p. 72.8°C (9760 mm), w ° 1.5212, 1.5508. 

A pressure glass vessel was charged with a cyclohexane solution of butadiene (60 g) and styrene (15 g) and treated with 11.7 ml of the step 1 product and the mixture polymerized at 50°C for 2.5 hours. The conversion was approximately 100%. Thereafter, 0.5 ml of 5% 2,6-di-f-butyl-p-cresol dissolved in isopropanol was added and the mixture precipitated in an isopropanol solution containing slight amounts of hydrochloric acid and BHT. The mixture was dried and the product isolated having an Mn of 1.74 x 105Da with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.02 and MLi+4 (100°C) of 22. 

Optical constants.—The index- of refraction of hydrochloric acid is directly proportional to the density of the soln. Thus, J. Crichton 23 found... 

Cleaning of SPR glass slides (optical grade SF2, refractive index 1.65, from UQG Optical Components). Sonicator (e.g., Lucas Dawe sonication bath) and different solutions hydrochloric acid/nitric acid 3 1 v/v (solution A) ammonium cerium nitrate (1M) (solution B) sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide 1 1 (Piranha solution) isopropanol. Use caution in handling these solutions harmful and corrosive. 

A vigorously stirred suspension of 0.2 to 1 mole of sodium amide in 200 ml of xylene, in which were dissolved 0.1 mole of a,a-diphenyl-7-hexamethyleneimino butyronitrile was boiled for 12 hours. Thereupon the excess of sodium amide was decomposed with water and the xylene layer was separated, washed with water and extracted with hydrochloric acid. This acidic extract was made strongly alkaline with concentrated lye and the separated base was extracted with ether. After drying, the ether was evaporated and the l,l-diphenyl-3-hexamethyleneimino propane distilled in vacuo. The boiling point was 170-174°C/1 mm, the refractive index nD20 = 1.56 36, and the density d420 = 1.009. From the oil obtained several acid additions and quaternary ammonium salts can be obtained by reaction with acids containing a non-toxic anion or esters thereof. The hydrochloric acid salt, for instance, melts at 189-192°C, the methiodide at 174-177°C under decomposition. 

Oil (Aa 4-38) determines oil content in a dried sample of oil-bearing material by extraction with petroleum ether. This method is specific for cottonseed, which first must be fumed with hydrochloric acid to prevent oil adsorption to the fiber. Additional methods exist for other oilseeds. Oxygen Stability Index (OSI) (Cd 12b-92) measures the oxidation induction period of fat sample (essentially the time for a sample to exhaust its antioxidant properties) under conditions of the test. 

A white crystalline powder, prepared by hydrothermal treatment at 200°C of a mixture of molybdic acid, H2M0O4, and methylammonium ma) chloride, CH3NH3CI, taken in a 1 2 molar ratio and acidified with hydrochloric acid, HCl, to pH = 3.5, resulted in a complex powder diffraction pattern shown in Figure 6.29. It was indexed in the monoclinic crystal system as was discussed in section 5.12.2. The space group C2/c (or its acentric subgroup Cc) was established from the analysis of the systematic absences, and the unit cell dimensions were refined using 120 resolved reflections below 20 = 60° a = 23.0648(6) A, b = 5.5134(2) A, c = 19.5609(5) A, p = 122.931(1)°, and the sample displacement 8 = -0.098(3) mm for a 250 mm goniometer radius. The unit cell volume is 2087.8 A. ... 

Properties Colorless liquid pungent, irritating odor. Bp 117.5C d 1.217 (27C) refr index 1.487 (20C) flash p 95F (35C) (COC). Readily hydrolyzed by moisture with the liberation of hydrochloric acid, polymerizes easily. Fire hazard. 

Properties Colorless liquid. D 1.874 (25/25C), fp -49.5C (1 atm), bp 83.1C, refr index 1.464, decomposes in water. Insoluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid soluble in carbon disulfide, chloroform, benzene, alcohol, and ether. 

Gadolinium pyrophosphate Gd4(P207)3, was prepared from gadolinium oxide and sodium pyrophosphate in hydrochloric acid solution. The X-ray pattern showed it to be amorphorous in the vacuum dried state but when heated at 700 and 900°C it became a crystalline solid which indexed in the tetragonal and cubic systems. The presence of the pyrophosphate group in the anhydrous product was confirmed by... 

Destruction of polybutadiene that occurs under the action of nitric acid is caused by oxidation of a polymer macromolecule. In other words, cross-section links of a spatial composite network formed by the vulcanization process are broken. The well-known oxidization ability of sulfuric acid is responsible for a decrease in double links in the rubber molecular structure, resulting in a reduction in the RubCon strength indexes. Corrosive attack by hydrochloric acid is linked to oxidation and isomerization processes and, therefore, the durability of the composite depends on the speed of these processes. 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES white amorphous powder or white solid odorless has the greatest covering power of all inorganic white pigments soluble in hot concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrogen fluoride insoluble in water, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, dilute sulfuric acid, and alcohol very high refractive index MP (1855°C, 3371°F) BP (2500-3000°C, 4532-5432°F) ND (3.9-4.3 gW) SG (3.9-4.3) CP (55.0 J/K-mol crystal at 25°C) VD (NA) VP (0 mmHg approximately). 

---