Optical grade

Hardware limitations in the deep-UV region revolve around lens design (and fabrication) and source brightness. The lens problem is a materials-related issue in that the number of optical-grade materials with acceptable... 

The major usage of CAB and CP is in plastics. Additionally. CAB and CP are mixed with a variety of synthetic polymers to produce lacquers for wood, metal, and plastics. CAB finds relatively small usage in hnt-uielal coalings and in optical-grade cast film used in Lhe manufacture of sunglass lenses. 

To determine whether NLO chromophores can be immobilized in highly cross-linked matrices, experiments were carried out in which the high- molecules 4-(dimethylamino)-4 -nitrostilbene (DANS, 3) and Disperse Orange 1 (DOI, 4) were dispersed in an optical grade epoxy resin,... 

Not very many solid-solution studies were reported, mainly because all the easy substituted ions have been previously experimentally treated. The tetrahedral ions continue to be studied, and BD4 in alkali halides was studied by Coker and Hofer 172) see also Heyns, Schutte and Scheuermann 2,4>. The solid solutions were prepared by diffusing the deuteride into optical grade crystals, and the IR spectra were recorded at 90 °K, yielding all 24 vibrational bands of BH4, BH3D, BH2D2, BD3H and BD4. The trends are similar to those first found by Schutte and Ketelaar for BH4 solid solutions 173>. There is still no satisfactory theory for the spectra of ions in solid solutions, but Metselaar, 74) gave a theory of lattice vibrations of solid solutions in his thesis on the N03 ions in alkali halides. 

Cleaning of SPR glass slides (optical grade SF2, refractive index 1.65, from UQG Optical Components). Sonicator (e.g., Lucas Dawe sonication bath) and different solutions hydrochloric acid/nitric acid 3 1 v/v (solution A) ammonium cerium nitrate (1M) (solution B) sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide 1 1 (Piranha solution) isopropanol. Use caution in handling these solutions harmful and corrosive. 

Weckhuysen and coworkers (Nijhuis et al., 2003) described equipment suitable for parallel Raman and UV-vis spectroscopic measurements. Openings on the opposite sides of a furnace allowed acquisition of Raman and UV-vis spectra through optical grade windows in a tubular quartz reactor. UV-vis spectra were recorded at 823 K. Gas-phase analysis was achieved with mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. A more advanced version of the design (Nijhuis et al., 2004) accommodates four optical fiber probes, placed at 10-mm vertical spacing along the tubular reactor. The temperature that the fibers can withstand is 973 K the reported spectra characterize samples at 823 K. 

Application The process, CT-BISA, is used to manufacture bisphe-nol-A (BPA) from phenol and acetone. The process can produce both grades of polycarbonate (including optical grade) and epoxy resins. 

Experimental. We studied the dissolution of semi-optical grade crystals of Iceland spar (44.5 cm g and 96.5 cm g ) in dilute solutions as a function of pH, PCO2 and temperature. The pH-stat method was used to identify forward reactions far from equilibrium (in the near absence of backward reaction). The "free drift" method was used to study the reaction near equilibrium where both forward and backward rates must be considered. Details of the experimental procedures are given elsewhere ( ). 

Thermo-optic grades - Optiwhite, Opti white MX, Optiwhite P, 30 P (see process discussion below) Burgess 2212, 2227 - calcinated kaolin surface treated with amino silane... 

Figure 2.36. SEM micrograph of Optiwhite, thermo-optic grade. Courtesy of Burges Pigment, Sandersville, GA, USA.

Transmission Loss of Industrial Optical Grade Lumileen" Optical Cables... 

Spectra of liquid solutions were corrected for solvent absorption by dualbeam measurements with carefully matched optical grade quartz cells. 

Kodar . [Eastman Eastman UK] Copolyester for optical grade film and sheet... 

The low-temperature UV photolysis reaction is carried out in a quartz reactor with a pan-shaped bottom and a flat top consisting of a 7.5-cm diameter optical grade quartz window (Fig. 1). The vessel has a side arm connected by a Teflon 0-ring joint to a Fischer-Porter Teflon valve to facilitate removal of solid reaction products. The depth of the reactor is about 4 cm, and its volume is about 140 mL. The UV source consists of a 9(X)-W, air-cooled, high-pressure mercury arc (General Electric Model B-H6) positioned 4 cm above the flat reactor surface. The bottom of the reactor is kept cold by immersion in liquid Nj. Dry, gaseous N2 is used as a purge gas to prevent condensation of atmospheric moisture on the flat top of the reactor. As a heat shield, a 6-mm-thick quartz plate is positioned between the UV source and the top of the reactor. 

Sample Cells and the Cell Compartment. The sample cell may be made of glass, of optical-grade quartz, or synthetic silica. Glass cells transmit reasonably well down to about 320 nm, depending on the thickness of the cell wall, although there is appreciable absorption below about 360 nm. Ultraviolet grade quartz transmits well down to about 190 nm. 

Bulk polymerization is ideally suited for making pure polymeric products, as in the manufacture of optical grade poly(methyl methacrylate) or impact-resistant polystyrene, because of minimal contamination of the product. However, removal of the unreacted monomer is usually necessary, and this can be a difficult process. This may be achieved in vacuum extruders where the molten polymer is extmded under vacuum to suck off the residual monomer. 

Commercial optical grade a-quartz crystals are prepared by the hydrothermal method. a-Quartz manufactured by the hydrothermal method often contains aluminum originating from the silica source and alkali metal ions from alkaline hydrothermal solutions. However, production processes to decrease the concentrations of these metallic impurities have recently been developed, and the resultant high-purity a-quartz crystals make it possible to study the intrinsic defect process in a-quartz more reliably. 

The white, opaque bodies fabricated in this manner have a density of 95-98% of theoretical and contain interconnected channels of uniformly sized pores of 50 nm average diameter, distributed throughout the dense amorphous silica matrix. These bodies are over twice as strong as optical grade fused sihca, as measured by transverse bend tests on specimens of equal size cut in the same way by diamond sawing. 

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