INDEX from different species

Cellulose hber, obviously, increases viscosity of plastic hot melt. Furthermore, fiber from different species affects viscosity differently, even at the same particle size. For example, pine, juniper, and salt cedar (particle size 40-60 mesh), each at 50% amount w/w in HDPE, resulted in melt flow index (MFI) of 0.2,0.6, and 1.6, respectively. In other words, pine flour increased viscosity the most. Viscosity continued to increase with smaller wood flour particles (Table 3.12). 

Toxicologic research (Chapter 8) on the effects of ozone in laboratory animals has demonstrated that exposure to airborne ozone at less than 1 ppm for a few hours produces numerous changes in cell and organ structure and function. The lowest concentrations that produce these changes differ somewhat among different species of laboratory animals and with the effect under observation. However, several functional and morphologic indexes of response to ozone are altered with exposures to concentrations of about 0.2-0.5 ppm over periods ranging from a few minutes to several weeks. 

The principle of estimating a therapeutic index prior to clinical trials typically involves determining the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) and comparing that to the projected human dose. In providing the estimate, the efficacious dose is typically obtained from in vitro data with human cells or tissues and in vivo preclinical pharmacology studies that involve animal disease models. Not infrequently the species used to estimate the toxic level is different from the species used to estimate an efficacious level. Thus the therapeutic index is not a true ratio as the units (species and/or conditions) are often different. On the other hand, if one were to obtain information relating to toxicity as well as efficacy from studies employing animal models of disease, a direct estimate of therapeutic index could be made provided that appropriate models had been characterized or validated in the relevant species. 

From the relation between Fukui function and local softness, electrophilic and nucleophilic local softnesses can be computed. Donor and acceptor sites can also be identified by large values of both types of local softnesses in addition, it can be used to compare sites of different molecules and to identity which one is softer or harder. The elec-trophilicity index can also be extended to a local context,21 and a comparison of the electrophilicity of sites in different species can be made. 

Referring once more to the effect of the aqueous medium composition upon the relative hydrophobicity of biological solutes, the correlation relationship establish-ecj io3,u6) between the effects of the medium ionic composition on the relative hydrophobicity of serum albumins of various origin and on that of erythrocytes from the same species should be noted. The ionic strength value of the medium in the aqueous ficoll-dextran biphasic system has been used as a quantitative index of the ionic composition of the system, and the ionic composition was varied from 0.11 M phosphate buffer to 0.15 M NaCl in 0.01 M buffer at pH 7.4 116). Partition coefficients of cells in an aqueous polymeric biphasic system are determined as the ratio of a number of the cells in the phase to that of the cells present at the interphase 90). Specific features of the partition behavior of cells in aqueous biphasic systems are discussed in detail elsewhere (see, e.g., Ref. 90 91). It has been established 116) that erythrocytes of different species are distributed in the aqueous ficoll-dextran biphasic system according to the following equation ... 

Since the passage of current through the solution is accomplished by the independent movement of different species, k is the sum of contributions from all ionic species, /. It is intuitive that each component of k is proportional to the concentration of the ion, the magnitude of its charge zi, and some index of its migration velocity. 

Calibration was then made with the growth temperatures of laboratory cultures of different hapto-phyte species and with ocean water temperatures at which plankton samples had been collected. From these data sets, a number of different calibration curves evolved for different species and different parts of the world ocean so that some doubts arose as to the universal applicability of the unsaturation index. In a major analytical effort, Muller etal. (1998) resolved the complications and arrived at a uniform cahbration for the global ocean from 60°N to 60°S. The resulting relationship. 

Such a value for relative temperature index will be specific to a particular grade of a polymer, sometimes even to a specific colour. The difference between grades of a particular species of polymer can be substantial, depending both on the variation in the inherent stability of a material between differing manufacturing methods and also on the type and amount of additives used. It is possible to obtain from the Laboratories a Generic Temperature Index to cover a species of material but this will usually be considerably lower than for many of the individual grades within that species. 

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