INDEX unsaturated

Comprehensive Index Unsaturated Polyester - Laminating Resins... 

Comprehensive Index Unsaturated Polyester Lamkiatmg Reshs... 

The tendency for a solvent to form deposits by polymerization of impurities such as olefins is measured by the test for potential gums . Olefin content can also be represented by the bromine index , which is a measure of the degree of unsaturation (see paragraph 3.4.1). 

Chakactkrisation of Unsaturatkd Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Unlike the saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid and exhibit characteristic reactions with dUute potassium permanganate solution and with bromine. Nevertheless, no satisfactory derivatives have yet been developed for these hydrocarbons, and their characterisation must therefore be based upon a determination of their physical properties (boiling point, density and refractive index). The physical properties of a number of selected unsaturated hydrocarbons are collected in Table 111,11. 

Other terms that mean the same thing as the index of hydrogen deficiency include elements of unsaturation sites of unsaturation and the sum of double bonds and rings... 

Table 11. Effect of Chlorine and Antimony Oxide on the Oxygen Index of Unsaturated Polyesters...

Table 12. Oxygen Index of Unsaturated Polyesters Containing Bromine ...

Antimony oxide and 2inc borate are also used as synergists for unsaturated polyesters. Their combined effect on the flame spread index (25) is ... 

Table 14. Oxygen Index and Smoke Reduction of Unsaturated Polyester Containing Molybdenum Oxide and Antimony Oxide...

Melting points, boiling points, densities, and refractive indexes for carboxyUc acids vary widely depending on molecular weight, stmcture, and the presence of unsaturation or other functional groups (Tables 1,2,3, and 5). In addition, some useful constants for alkanoic acids are Hsted in Table 1. Some constants for selected unsaturated and substituted acids are given in Table 7. 

This technology has been utilized by BP Chemicals for the production of lubricating oils with well defined characteristics (for example, pour point and viscosity index). It is used in conjunction with a mixture of olefins (i.e., different isomers and different chain length olefins) to produce lubricating oils of higher viscosity than obtainable by conventional catalysis [33]. Unichema Chemie BV have applied these principals to more complex monomers, using them with unsaturated fatty acids to create a mixture of products [34]. 

Saturation Index an index which shows if a water of given composition and pH is at equilibrium, supersaturated or unsaturated with respect to calcium carbonate (or to magnesium hydroxide). 

Aryloxyphosphazene copolymers can also confer fireproof properties to flammable materials when blended. Dieck [591] have used the copolymers III, and IV containing small amounts of reactive unsaturated groups to prepare blends with compatible organic polymers crosslinkable by the same mechanism which crosslinks the polyphosphazene, e.g. ethylene-propylene and butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers, poly(vinyl chloride), unsaturated urethane rubber. These blends were used to prepare foams exhibiting excellent fire retardance and producing low smoke levels or no smoke when heated in an open flame. Oxygen index values of 27-56 were obtained. 

Functionalized copolymers from dienes and p-alkylstyrenes can serve as dispersants and viscosity index improvers. The functionalities are introduced via the aromatic units [233,234]. The polymers are selectively hydrogenated to produce polymers that have highly controlled amounts of unsaturation, permitting a highly selective functionalization. The dispersant substances may also include a carrier fluid to provide concentrates of the dispersant. 

Detectability may be a significant problem with homologous series of unsaturated compounds, particularly //-alkanes. For these compounds, refractive index detection or evaporative light-scattering, both of which are described elsewhere in the book, may be of use. Indirect photometry is a useful detection scheme for compounds that do not absorb in the UV. Acetone, methylethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and acetophenone are added to an acetonitrile/water mobile phase, generating a negative vacancy peak when the nonchro-mophoric analyte emerges and a positive peak if the ketone is adsorbed and displaced.70 Dodecyl, tetradecyl, cetyl, and stearyl alcohols also have been derivatized with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole and the derivatives separated on Zorbax ODS in a mobile phase of methanol and 2-propanol.71... 

Index of Hydrogen Deficiency (degree of unsaturation, the number of double-bond equivalence) ... 

AS A FLAME RETARDANT. The zinc borate is an efficient synergist of organic halogen sources. In certain halogen-containing systems such as unsaturated polyester, epoxy (3), and rigid PVC, the zinc borate alone can outperform antimony oxide as shown by the Oxygen Index and UL-94 tests (Fig. 3, 4, and 5). 

Compounds are generally classified according to their fully unsaturated parent compound (but see below). Thus substituted, partially saturated, and fully saturated derivatives of, for example, pyrrole are all indexed under pyrrole. Benzo and similar derivatives are included under the most unsaturated parent system (e.g., quinoline, thienofuran, etc.). For any given heterocyclic parent only one indicated hydrogen isomer appears in the text, typically the most stable or the lowest numbered form thus all instances of pyran, whether of the 2H- or 4H-form, are indexed under 2H-pyran. The charges and additional valences for any heterocyclic parent structure are not indicated. 

The group name is intended to cover esters derived from sulfenic, sulfinic and sulfonic acids, some of which are thermally unstable. This is especially so for esters of unsaturated alcohols, which are also liable to polymerise, catalysed by the liberated acids. Individually indexed compounds are ... 

At first glance the relationship between fullerene solubility and fatty acids unsaturation may appear as a surprise. However, it should be noticed that the unsaturation level of vegetable oils correlates also with their refractive index (Martinenghi, 1963). Thus, following the approach of Sivaraman et al. (1994), it is possible to show the change in solubility as function of the polarizability parameter of the solvent defined as ... 

Figure 7. Relationship of oxidation and degree of polyunsaturation. Polyunsaturation is measured as the methylene bridge index (MBI), which is a more precise measure of extent of unsaturation and oxidizability than the double bond index. It is the mean number of 6is-allylic methylene bridge positions per fatty acid (or fatty acyl chain) in a lipid ensemble. The rate of lipid radical formation measures formation of an oxidative product, while O2 consumption (% O2 lost per sec) is a measure of utilization of a reactant. (Drawn using our data abstracted from Wagner, B.A., Buettner, G.R., and Bums, C.P. 1994, Biochemistry 33 4449-4453).

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