Efficacy level

It does have a number of draw backs. It has poor thermal stability (a property common to most formaldehyde release biocides) and, in some instances, may cause blackening of metalworking fluid concentrates if heated above 50°C for a period of time. Recently, this active ingredient was placed on Annex 1 of the Dangerous Substances Directive having been identified as a potential skin sensitiser. This means that formulations containing efficacious levels of this class of triazine in them would have to be labelled with R43 - may cause sensitisation by skin contact. This is unacceptable to many UK customers. As this material is only bactericidal, it needs to be co-formulated with a fungicide to provide complete protection for a product. 

Owing to the prohibition of chemosynthetic pesticides under organic farming standards, there is a greatly reduced availability of intervention/treatment-based methods for disease and pest control in organic fruit production systems. The efficacy of the permitted biological control, extract or mineral element (e.g. S and Cu)-based crop protection products is also usually lower than of chemosynthetic pesticides. Permitted plant protection products show efficacies of between 60 and 80% while chemosynthetic fungicides and pesticides often have efficacy levels >95% (Tamm et al., 2004). 

Saquinavir is subject to extensive first-pass metabolism by CYP3A4, and functions as a CYP3A4 inhibitor as well as a substrate thus, it should be used with the same precautions regarding drug-drug interactions as the other protease inhibitors. Coadministration with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir has been adopted by clinicians because inhibition of first-pass metabolism of saquinavir by ritonavir can result in higher—and thus more efficacious—levels of saquinavir (see Table 49-3 and Table 49-4). Liver function tests should be monitored if saquinavir is coadministered with delavirdine. 

Table 11.6 contains results from field trials of atrazine in combination with various ALS-inhibitor herbicides on six ALS-resistant biotypes. This pictorial representation of field data shows the efficacy level of atrazine, ALS-inhibitor herbicides, and atrazine in combination with the ALS herbicide. These trials clearly show the utility and need for atrazine in resistance-management strategies. 

The principle of estimating a therapeutic index prior to clinical trials typically involves determining the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) and comparing that to the projected human dose. In providing the estimate, the efficacious dose is typically obtained from in vitro data with human cells or tissues and in vivo preclinical pharmacology studies that involve animal disease models. Not infrequently the species used to estimate the toxic level is different from the species used to estimate an efficacious level. Thus the therapeutic index is not a true ratio as the units (species and/or conditions) are often different. On the other hand, if one were to obtain information relating to toxicity as well as efficacy from studies employing animal models of disease, a direct estimate of therapeutic index could be made provided that appropriate models had been characterized or validated in the relevant species. 

The development of antibodies to therapeutic proteins can have direct safety consequences in addition to the impact on pharmacokinetics as addressed in this chapter. Provided the antibody response itself does not have direct safety issues, in some cases it is possible to continue dosing the therapeutic protein in the presence of antibody, provided efficacious levels of the therapeutic protein can be maintained. In this case, it is important to fully understand how the antibody response impacts active concentrations of the therapeutic protein so that it is possible to design dosing regimens that minimize the impact of the antibody response. In the... 

The first products were made of 4 to 6% active, a fragrance, and a viscosity modifier [5], The dispersions of cationic actives indeed remain easily pourable as far as their concentration does not exceed 7% by weight since the softening efficacy levels off at concentrations above 6%, this was not a concern. In the mid-1970s improved softening systems made of two actives appeared on the market. They were still based on the same quaternaries, but synergistically combined with other fatty materials called co-softeners to enhance their performance/cost ratio. 

A high frequency of wheat powdery mildew isolates resistant towards quinoxyfen have been reported from Northern Germany [75]. Field isolates of Uncinula necator with reduced sensitivity to quinoxyfen were found in 2003 but the efficacy level under practical field conditions remained unchanged [76]. 

Substitutions of the aromatic ring, while keeping the other parameters constant (Table II), provided the greatest improvement in biological activity. Compound 42 offered excellent broad spectrum activity at a more efficacious level than any earlier analog. The synthesis of 42 was compUcated by the unsymmetrical nature of the indandione and the presence of the 5-isomer. Synthesis and testing of the 5,6-dichloro, 44, provided nearly equal control of downy mildew and was selected to undergo field evaluations. 

The American Council on Science and Health states that functional foods are whole, fortified, enriched, or enhanced foods that provide health benefits beyond the provision of essential nutrients, when they are consumed at efficacious levels as part of a varied diet on a regular basis, (Hassler 2002). The limitation of this definition is the same as the limitation of the definition offered by ADA. 

Brewer, C.. Carroll J. (2010) Half of the equation Social interest and self-efficacy levels among high school volunteer peer mentors vs. their nonmentor peers. In Journal of School Counseling, Jg. 8... 

UF Hispanic engineering student efficacy levels remained constant throughout this period as increases were comparable to increases in Hispanic enrollment throughout the university. In 2001, Hispanic engineering students had high efficacy in retention along with high efficacy... 

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