INDEX environment

Gros M, Petrovic M, Ginebreda A, Barcelo D (2010) Removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes. Environ Int 36 15-26... 

Suter, G. W., II. A critique of ecosystem health concepts and indexes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12 1533-1539, 1993. 

Dowdy, D.L., McKone, T.E. (1997) Predicting plant uptake of organic chemicals from soil or air using octanol/water and octanol/air partition ratios and a molecular connectivity index. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16, 2448-2456. 

Dowdy, D.L., McKone, T.E. and Hsieh, D.P. (1996). Prediction of Chemical Biotransfer of Organic Chemicals from Cattle Diet into Beef and Milk Using the Molecular Connectivity Index. Environ.ScLTechnoL, 30, 984-989. 

Oda T, Akaike T, Hamamoto T, Suzuki F, Hirano T, and Maeda H, Relationships between water quahty, morphological factors in river basins, the diversity index and the biotic index. Environ. Technol. 1991 12 1147-1155. 

Dewez D, Marchand M, Eullaffroy P, Popovic R (2002) Evaluation of the effects of di-uron and its derivatives on Lemna gibba using a fluorescence toxicity index. Environ Toxicol 17 493-501... 

Healey, N., D.R. Chettle, F.E. McNeill, and D.E. Fleming. 2008. Uncertainties in the relationship between tibia lead and cumulative blood lead index. Environ. Health Perspect 116(3) A109-A110. 

Anhold, J. A. and M. J. Jenkins, Potential mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera Scolytidae) attack of lodgepole pine as described by stand density index. Environ. Entomol. 16 738-742,1987. 

In general, textile fibers should be optically opaque so that their refractive indexes need to be significantly different from those of their most common environments, namely, air and water. Luster and color are two optical properties that relate to a fiber s aesthetic quatity and consumer acceptance. 

The guarded hot-plate method can be modified to perform dry and wet heat transfer testing (sweating skin model). Some plates contain simulated sweat glands and use a pumping mechanism to deUver water to the plate surface. Thermal comfort properties that can be deterrnined from this test are do, permeabihty index (/ ), and comfort limits. PermeabiUty index indicates moisture—heat permeabiUty through the fabric on a scale of 0 (completely impermeable) to 1 (completely permeable). This parameter indicates the effect of skin moisture on heat loss. Comfort limits are the predicted metaboHc activity levels that may be sustained while maintaining body thermal comfort in the test environment. 

In several cases, such as shellfish areas and aquatic reserves, the usual water quaUty parameters do not apply because they are nonspecific as to detrimental effects on aquatic life. Eor example, COD is an overall measure of organic content, but it does not differentiate between toxic and nontoxic organics. In these cases, a species diversity index has been employed as related to either free-floating or benthic organisms. The index indicates the overall condition to the aquatic environment. It is related to the number of species in the sample. The higher the species diversity index, the more productive the aquatic system. The species diversity index is computed by the equation K- = (S — 1)/logjg I, where S is the number of species and /the total number of individual organisms counted. 

The relative susceptibHity of several commercial aHoys is presented in Table 8. The index used is a relative rating based on integrating performance in various environments. These environments include the harsh condition of exposure to moist ammonia, Hght-to-moderate industrial atmospheres, marine atmosphere, and an accelerated test in Mattsson s solution. The latter testing is described in ASTM G30 and G37 (35,36) and is intended to simulate industrial atmospheres. The index is linear. A rating of 1000 relates to the most susceptible and zero designates immunity to stress corrosion. 

Fire and Explosion Index (Ffrom fires and explosions. frequency The rate at which observed or predicted events occur. HAZOP HAZOP stands for hazard and operabihty studies. This is a set of formal hazard identification and ehmination procedures designed to identify hazards to people, process plants, and the environment. See subsequent sections for a more complete description. 

ISO EN 7243 Diagnostic method for hot environments Hot environments Elstimation of the heat stress on working man, based on the WTlGT index (wet hulb globe temperature... 

ISO EN 7730 Ciomfort evaluation in moderate environ-nienrs Mode.tate thermal environments Deterrnina tion of the PMV and PPD index and specification of the conditioirs for thermal comfoi r... 

ISO EN 7730 standardizes the PMV-PPD index as the method for evaluation of moderate thermal environments. To quantify the degree of comfort, the PMV (predicted mean vote) index gives a value on a 7-point thermal sensation scale -t-3 hot, +2 warm, +1 slightly warm, 0 neutral, -I slightly cool, -2 cool, -3 cold. An equation in the standard calculates the PMV index based on the six factors (clothing, activity, air and mean radiant temperatures, air speed, and humidity). 

The PMV index can be used to check whether a given thermal environment complies with specified comfort criteria and to establish requirements for different levels of acceptability. By setting PMV = 0, an equation is established that predicts combinations of activity, clothing, and environmental parameters that will provide a thermally neutral sensation. Figure 6.1 shows the optimal operative temperature as a function of activity and clothing for different levels of acceptability. 

The PMV index predicts the mean value of the thermal preferences of a large group of people exposed to the same environment. But individual votes are scattered around this mean value, and it is useful to predict the number of people likely to feel uncomfortably warm or cool. The PPD (predicted percentage of dissatisfied) index establishes a quantitative prediction of the number of thermally dissatisfied people. The PPD predicts the percentage of a large group of people likely to feel too warm or cool, i.e., voting hot (-t-. , warm (4-2), cool (-2), or cold (-3) on the 7-point thermal sensation scale. 

The ISO philosophy for the assessment of hot environments is to use a simple, fast method of monitoring the environment, based on the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index (ISO 7243). If the WBGT value exceeds the provided reference value, or if a more detailed analysis is required, then ISO 7933 provides an analytical method of assessment. 

A computer program is provided for ease of calculation and efficient use of the standard. This rational method of assessing hot environments allows identification of the relative importance of different components of the thermal environment, and hence can be used in environmental design. The WBGT index is an empirical index, and it cannot be used to analyze the influence of the individual parameters. The required sweat rate (SW. ) has this capability, but lack of data may make it difficult to estimate the benefits of protective clothing. 

Using single crystals it has been shown that different low-index crystal faces see Section 20) exhibit different corrosion rates. However, the relative corrosion rate of the different faces varies with the environment and these structural effects are of little practical significance. On the other hand, the fact that polycrystal grains of different crystallographic orientation may corrode at different rates, is of some importance. 

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