Mountain pine beetle

FIGURE 12 18 Relationship between degree of oxidant injury to ponderosa pines and bark-beetle attack (left) and numbers of trees killed by western pine beetle, mountain pine beetle, and the two species together (right). Reprinted with permission from Stark and Cobb. ... 

An IPM program undertaken around Dillon, Colorado, in 1982, exemplifies the combination of treatments used to manage a mountain pine beetle outbreak in lodgepole pine. Direct suppression and preventive spraying were important to the Dillon project because of the high recreational values. But these activities were only intended to limit immediate tree losses and allow time to implement cultural or silvicultural treatments. 

Table I. Mixture of treatment strategies used in the 1982 Dillon, Colorado, IPM project to control mountain pine beetle...

Figure 6.12 Cyclization reactions of acyclic, unbranched and methyl-branched ketones to bicyclic acetals and cyclic alcohols in bark beetles. (A) Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae formation of exo-brevicomin [(1 F ,5S,7fl)-(+)-7-ethyl-5-methyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane] from (Z)-6-nonen-2-one (Vanderwel and Oehlschlager, 1992 Vanderwel ef a/., 1992a) ...

Francke W., Schroder F., Phillipp P., Meyer H., Sinnwell V. and Gries G. (1996b) Identification and synthesis of new bicyclic acetals from the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera Scolytidae). Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4, 363-374. 

Gries G., Leufven A., LaFontaine J. P., Pierce H. D. Jr, Borden J. H., Vanderwel D. and Oehlschlager A. C. (1990a) New metabolites of a-pinene produced by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera Scolytidae). Insect Biochem. 20, 365-371. 

Miller D. R. and Lafontaine J. R (1991) cis-Verbenol An aggregation pheromone for the mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera Scolytidae), J. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 88, 34—38. 

Pierce H. D., Jr, Conn J. E., Oehlschlager A. C. and Borden J. H. (1987). Monoterpene metabolism in female mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, attacking ponderosa pine. J. Chem. Ecol. 13, 1455-1480. 

Pureswaran D. S., Gries R., Borden J. H. and Pierce Jr, H. D. (2000) Dynamics of pheromone production and communication in the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, and the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera Scolytidae). Chemoecology 10, 153-168. 

Rudinsky J. A., Morgan M. E., Libbey L. M. and Putnam T. B. (1974) Antiaggregative-rivalry pheromone of the mountain pine beetle, and a new arrestant of the southern pine beetle. Environ. Entomol. 3, 90-98. 

Reid R. W. (1962) Biology of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopkins, in the East Kootney Region of British Columbia II. Behaviour in the host, fecundity, and internal changes in the female. Can. Entomol. 94, 605-613. 

A similar test with the mountain pine beetle [Dendroctonus pon-derosae (Hopkins)] showed tissue deposits to be about twice as toxic (Table VI). A possible explanation is that D. ponderosae emerged over a 54-day period, allowing the surface lindane to volatilize I. confusus emerged over a period of 15 days. 

Examples include the alkylated 2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (aro-brevicomin, 54), 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]-octanes (frontalin, 55, and multistriatin, 56), and the 2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (57). Brevicomin, frontalin, and multistriatin are important components of the male or female pheromones of several bark beetle species. More recently, several hydroxylated 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes, including 58-60, have been identified from the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonusponderosae Interestingly, frontalin (55) also represents an important component of the Asian elephant s male pheromone (Figure 20). ... 

STURGEON, K.B., ROBERTSON, J.L., Microsomal polysubstrate monooxygenase activity in western and mountain pine beetles (Coleoptera Scolytidae), Ann. Entomol Soc. Am., 1985, 78, 1-4. 

This hypothesis is unvalidated at present, because these case studies employed different methods, are not replicated across genera, variability in natural enemies numbers is complex, and we caimot adequately separate cause and effect. Also, ratios of predators to prey are highly plastic within systems,and predation and competition are not independent owing to dilution effects. We also lack information on its applicability to other systems. Predaceous checkered beetles cause greater proportionate mortality to mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins during endemic than eruptive conditions, which is consistent with our model, but not validating without information on the pre-attack chemistry of killed trees. Likewise, predation of southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis... 

ROMME, W.H., KNIGHT, D.H., YAVITT, J.B., Mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Rocky Mountains - Regulators of primary productivity. Am. Nat., 1986, 127,... 

RAFFA, K.F., BERRYMAN, A.A., Physiological differences between lodgepole pines resistant and susceptible to the mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) and associated microorganisms. Environ. Entomol, 1982,11, 486-492. 

GEISZLER, D.R., GARA, R.I., Mountain pine beetle attack dynamics in lodgepole pine. Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho USDA Forest Service, Forest Insect and Disease Research/Theory and Practice of Mountain Pine Beetle Management in Lodgepole Pine Forests Symposium, pp. 182-187. 

BERRYMAN, A.A., Theoretical explanation of mountain pine beetle dynamics in lodgepole pine forests. Environ. EntomoL, 1976,5, 1225-1233. 

AMMAN, G.D., The role of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine ecosystems Impact on succession, in The Role of Arthropods in Forest Ecosystems ( W.J. Mattson, ed,), Springer-Verlag. 1977, pp. 3-18. 

CARROLL, A.L., TAYLOR, S.W., RteNIERE, J., SAFRANYIK, L., Effects of climate change on range expansion by the mountain pine beetle in British Columbia, in Challenges and Solutions Proceedings of the Mountain Pine Beetle Symposium. Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada October 30-31, 2003. Information Report BC-X-399 ( T.L. Shore, J.E. Brooks, and J.E. Stone, eds, ), Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. 2004, p. 221-230. 

LOGAN, J.A., POWELL, J.A., Ghost forests, global warming, and the mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera Scolytidae), Am. Entomol, 2001, 47, 160-173. 

AMMAN, G.D., Mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera Scolytidae) mortality in three types of infestations.. Environ. Entomol, 1984,13, 184-191. 

BORDEN, J.H., RYKER, L.C., CHONG, L.J., PIERCE, H.D., JOHNSTON, B.D., OEHLSCHLAGER, A.C., Response of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera Scolytidae), to five semiochemicals in British Columbia lodgepole pine forests. Can. J. For. Res. 1986,17, 118-128. 

MITCHELL, R.G., PREISLER, H.K., Analysis of spatial patterns of lodgepole pine attacked by outbreak populations of the mountain pine beetle. For. Scl, 1991, 37, 1390-1408. 

LOGAN, J.A., WHITE, P., BENTZ, B.J., POWELL, J.A., Model analysis of spatial patterns in mountain pine beetle outbreaks, Theor. Popul. Biol, 1998, 53, 236-255. 

---