Incremental capacity analysis

Dubarry M, Svoboda V, Hwu R, Liaw BY (2006) Incremental capacity analysis and close-to-equilibrium OC V measurements to quantify capacity fade in commercial rechargeable lithium batteries. Electrochem Solid Slate Lett 9 A454—A457... 

Weng C, Cui Y, Sun J, Peng H (2013) On-board state of health monitoring of lithium-ion batteries using incremental capacity analysis with support vector regression. J Power Sourc 235 36-44... 

One of the methods developed for the seismic risk evaluation of structures is the SAC-FEMA method, which enables probability assessment in closed form (Cornell et al. 2002), and represents a part of a broader PEER probabilistic framework (Deierlein 2004). Within the framework of SAC-FEMA method, the relationship between the seismic intensity measure and the engineering demand parameter is usually determined by Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) developed by Vamvatsikos Cornell (2002). IDA is a powerful tool for estimation of seismic demand and capacity for multiple levels of intensity. However, it requires a large number of inelastic time-history analyses (and corresponding detailed data on ground motion time-histories and hysteretic behavior of structural elements) and is thus very time-consuming. Often it is possible to create summarized IDA curves with less input data, with less effort, but with still acceptable accuracy. One possible approach is to determine seismic demand for multiple levels... 

Incremental Dynamic Analysis, Fig. 4 Thirty IDA curves, 30 limit-state capacity points and the corresponding EDP and IM capacity distributions for the 9-story steel frame (From Vamvatsikos 2013)... 

Vamvatsikos D, Cornell CA (2002) Incremental dynamic analysis. Earthq Eng Stract Dyn 31(3) 491-514 Vamvatsikos D, Cornell CA (2004) Applied incremental dynamic analysis. Earthq Spectra 20(2) 523-553 Vamvatsikos D, Cornell CA (2005) Developing efficient scalar and vector intensity measures for IDA capacity estimation by incorporating elastic spectral shape information. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 34 1573-1600 Veletsos AS, Newmaik NM (1960) Effect of inelastic behavior on the resptmse of simple systems to earthquake motions. In Proceedings of the 2nd world conference on earthquake enginetaing, vol 2. Japan, PP 895-912... 

In this equation, the substituent parameters and reflect the incremental resonance interaction with electron-demanding and electron-releasing reaction centers, respectively. The variables and r are established for a reaction series by regression analysis and are measures of the extent of the extra resonance contribution. The larger the value of r, the greater is the extra resonance contribution. Because both donor and acceptor capacity will not contribute in a single reaction process, either or r would be expected to be zero. 

A number of developments have increased the importance of capillary electrophoretic methods relative to pumped column methods in analysis. Interactions of analytes with the capillary wall are better understood, inspiring the development of means to minimize wall effects. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been standardized to the point of being useful as a routine technique. Incremental improvements in column coating techniques, buffer preparation, and injection techniques, combined with substantive advances in miniaturization and detection have potentiated rugged operation and high capacity massive parallelism in analysis. 

Gas adsorption (physisorption) is one of the most frequently used characterization methods for micro- and mesoporous materials. It provides information on the pore volume, the specific surface area, the pore size distribution, and heat of adsorption of a given material. The basic principle of the methods is simple interaction of molecules in a gas phase (adsorptive) with the surface of a sohd phase (adsorbent). Owing to van der Waals (London) forces, a film of adsorbed molecules (adsorbate) forms on the surface of the solid upon incremental increase of the partial pressure of the gas. The amount of gas molecules that are adsorbed by the solid is detected. This allows the analysis of surface and pore properties. Knowing the space occupied by one adsorbed molecule, Ag, and the number of gas molecules in the adsorbed layer next to the surface of the solid, (monolayer capacity of a given mass of adsorbent) allows for the calculation of the specific surface area, As, of the solid by simply multiplying the number of the adsorbed molecules per weight unit of solid with the space required by one gas molecule ... 

Hen egg-white lysozyme, lyophilized from aqueous solutions of different pH from pH 2.5 to 10.0 and then dissolved in water and in anhydrous glycerol, exhibits a cooperative conformational transition in both solvents occurring between 10 and 100°C (Burova, 2000). The thermal transition in glycerol is reversible and equilibrium follows the classical two-state mechanism. The transition enthalpies AHm in glycerol are substantially lower than in water, while transition temperatures Tm are similar to values in water, but follow similar pH dependences. The transition heat capacity increment ACp in glycerol does not depend on the pH and is 1.25 0.31 kj (mol K) 1 compared to 6.72 0.23 kj (mol K)-1 in water. Thermodynamic analysis of the calorimetric data reveals that the stability of the folded conformation of lysozyme in glycerol is similar to that in water at 20-80°C but exceeds it at lower and higher temperatures. 

Capacity Requirements The operating capacity of a transfer station must be such that collection vehicles do not have to wait long to unload. In most cases, it will not be cost-effective to design the station to handle the ultimate peak number of hourly loads. An economic trade-off analysis should be made between the annual cost for the time spent by the collection vehicles waiting to unload against the incremental annual cost of a larger transfer station and/or the use of more transport equipment. Because of the increased cost of transport equipment, a trade-off analysis must also be made between the capacity of the transfer station and the cost of the transport operation, including both equipment and labor components. 

Analysis of the results obtained shows that the sorption capacity of samples of the systems studied increases at the maximum by 36.0-65.9% as compared to that of binary systems. It is quite possible that depending on the component composition of the systems, the figures will be higher or lower. The amount of these changes is determined by the values of Vg of binary systems the higher the sorption capacity of both binary systems used in the mixture, the lower the increment AV of four-component adsorbents, and vice versa, the lower the Vg of binary systems at a maximum, the higher the probability of obtaining... 

These examples only hint at the analysis of heats of formation of organic compounds that is possible. Benson and co-workers summarized the methods and data for calculations for the major functional groups in organic chemistry. ° In addition, the data allow calculation of heat capacities and entropies of these compounds in the same marmer in which heats of formation are determined. Heats of formation are valuable reference points in discussing the stabilities of various isomers or products of reactions, whether they are calculated by bond increments or group increments or are derived as part of a theoretical calculation. 

The possibilities arising from the advent of MTDSC will now be discussed Complex thermal histories affect the ease with which it is possible to make determinations of the increment of heat capacity, ACp, at Tg because of structure relaxation. If a thermal analysis apparatus that can separate the structure relaxation part from the total heat flow signal can be developed ACp could be determined accurately. It is well known that ACp is related to the weight fraction of each component in a heterogeneous system such as a polymer blend. In multi-phase polymeric materials, each phase has its own characteristic glass transition temperature and ACp. Thus, important information may be obtained from ACp and glass transition measurements, allowing such materials to be analysed quantitatively. 

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