Incidental

Incidentally, numerous petroleum products, particularly those coming from conversion processes, are unstable with respect to oxidation and oxygen analysis is meaningful only if great precautions are taken during sample withdrawal and storage. 

Incidentally, it is advisable to compare the results of several methods to uncover possible anomalies and to analyze the results very carefully. 

Thus, according to the definitions, diesel fuel (or gas oil) is not a heating fuel but a motor fuel. Incidentally, heavy fuel can be considered a heating fuel or a motor fuel depending on its application in a burner or in a marine diesel engine. 

Straight run diesei fuels have a high paraffin content, which is desirable, incidentally, for obtaining high cetane numbers. The higher the distillation end point, the higher is the heavy paraffin content (with a carbon number greater than C24). 

Incidentally, a quantity called the rational potential is defined as E for the mercury-water interface (no added electrolyte) so, in general, = E + 0.480 V if a normal calomel reference electrode is used. 

Westwood and Hitch suggest, incidentally, that the cleavage experiment, not being fully reversible, may give only a bond-breaking or nearest-neighbor type of surface energy with little contribution from surface distortion. 

Diamond behaves somewhat differently in that n is low in air, about 0.1. It is dependent, however, on which crystal face is involved, and rises severalfold in vacuum (after heating) [1,2,25]. The behavior of sapphire is similar [24]. Diamond surfaces, incidentally, can have an oxide layer. Naturally occurring ones may be hydrophilic or hydrophobic, depending on whether they are found in formations exposed to air and water. The relation between surface wettability and friction seems not to have been studied. 

The traditional, essentially phenomenological modeling of boundary lubrication should retain its value. It seems clear, however, that newer results such as those discussed here will lead to spectacular modification of explanations at the molecular level. Note, incidentally, that the tenor of recent results was anticipated in much earlier work using the blow-off method for estimating the viscosity of thin films [68]. 

In the original planning of this book we were at pains to ensure that the preparations in particular were designed to afford a minimum expenditure of time, materials and heating. We hope that the economy thus introduced will be especially appreciated in view of the recent heavily increased cost of chemicals, fuel and laboratory service. This increased cost, incidentally, must necessarily increase the attraction of the small-scale preparations referred to above. 

Place 1 0 g. of the monobasic acid and 2 g. of aniline or p-toluidine in a dry test-tube, attach a short air condenser and heat the mixture in an oil bath at 140-160° for 2 hours do not reflux too vigorously an acid that boils below this temperature range and only allow steam to escape from the top of the condenser. For a sodium salt, use the proportions of 1 g. of salt to 1 5 g. of the base. If the acid is dibasic, employ double the quantity of amine and a reaction temperature of 180-200° incidentally, the procedure is recommended for dibasic acids since the latter frequently give anhydrides with thionyl chloride. Powder the cold reaction mixture, triturate it with 20-30 ml. of 10 per cent, hydrochloric acid, and recrystallise from dilute alcohol. 

The following mechanism of the Sandmeyer reaction has been proposed as a result of a kinetic study, and incidentally accounts for the formation of the azu compounds as by-products. The catalyst is the CuCl ion produced in the dissolution of cuprous chloride in the chloride solution ... 

Hydrolysis of p-tolunitrile to p-toluic acid. Boil a mixture of 5 g. of p-tolunitrile, 80 ml. of 10 per cent, aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 15 ml. of alcohol under a reflux condenser. (The alcohol is added to prevent the nitrile, which volatUises in the steam, from crystalhsing in the condenser it also increases the speed of hydrolysis. The alcohol may be omitted in the hydrolysis of nitriles which are hquid at the ordinary temperature, e.g., benzo-nitrUe.) The solution becomes clear after heating for about 1 hour, but continue the boiling for a total period of 1 - 5 hours to ensure complete hydrolysis. Detach the condenser and boil the solution for a few minutes in the open flask to remove dissolved ammonia and incidentally some of the alcohol CAUTION /). Cool, and add concentrated hydrochloric acid until precipitation of the p-toluic acid is complete. When cold, filter off the p-toluic acid with suction and wash with a little cold water. Recrystallise from a mixture of equal volumes of water and alcohol (methylated spirit) or from benzene. The yield of p-toluic acid, m.p. 178°, is 5-5 g. 

The sodium salt of methyl red may be prepared by dissolving the crude product in an equal weight of 35 per cent, sodium hydroxide which has been diluted to 350 ml., hitoring, and evaporating under diminished pressure (Fig. II, 37, I). The resulting sodium salt forms orange leaflets. This water-soluble product is very convenient for use as an indicator. Incidentally, the toluene extraction is avoided. 

For a long time water was not a popular solvent for the Diels-Alder reaction. Before 1980 its use had been reported only incidentally. Diels and Alder themselves performed the reaction between... 

The degree of polymerization of the subchain is n. If the degree of polymerization of the molecule as a whole is n, then there are n/n subchains per molecule. We symbolize the number of subchains per molecule as N. Other properties of the subchain-which, incidentally, should not be confused with the chains between crosslink points in elastomers-will also have the subscript s as they emerge. 

Figure 6.9 represents schematically the formation of a micelle by the association of n surfactant molecules. The cutaway view of the spherical micelle shows the hydrocarbon interior of these particles. Incidentally, it is this sort of reversible... 

A broader view would include the addition of a substrate to stimulate the growth of organisms known to degrade the contaminant of interest only as an incidental part of their metaboHsm, one might almost say serendipitously. This process is sometimes called co-metaboHsm, and it too has had success. 

The exact stmcture of M and B depends on solvent, the initiator used, and incidental impurities (eg, water). 

The sustained world popularity of NSP results from simplicity of production and high agronomic quaHty as a carrier of available P2O5, calcium, sulfur, and usually some incidental micronutrients. In terms of agronomic value for large numbers of crops, no phosphate fertilizer has been shown to be superior to NSP. It is likely to remain in strong demand in parts of the world where simplicity of production or sulfur fertilization has high priority and where transportation costs are not prohibitive. 

Calcium. Soil minerals are a main source of calcium for plants, thus nutrient deficiency of this element in plants is rare. Calcium, in the form of pulverized limestone [1317-65-3] or dolomite [17069-72-6] frequendy is appHed to acidic soils to counteract the acidity and thus improve crop growth. Such liming incidentally ensures an adequate supply of available calcium for plant nutrition. Although pH correction is important for agriculture, and liming agents often are sold by fertilizer distributors, this function is not one of fertilizer manufacture. 

Some commonly used primary nutrient fertilizers are incidentally also rich sources of calcium. Ordinary superphosphate contains monocalcium phosphate and gypsum in amounts equivalent to all of the calcium originally present in the phosphate rock. Triple superphosphate contains soluble monocalcium phosphate equivalent to essentially all the P2 5 product. Other fertilizers rich in calcium are calcium nitrate [10124-37-5] calcium ammonium nitrate [39368-85-9] and calcium cyanamide [156-62-7]. The popular ammonium phosphate-based fertilizers are essentially devoid of calcium, but, in view of the natural calcium content of soils, this does not appear to be a problem. 

A manufacturer of dmg chemicals is required to register with the FDA, and is subject to FDA inspection at least once every two years. Some manufacturers who make chemicals that incidentally are dmgs are impelled to drop the dmg designation from their labeling in order to avoid the exposure to inspection that registration entails. 

Petro-Canada Oils. Petro-Canada manufactures three oils specially refined for use as heat-transfer fluids. Calflo EG is a semisynthetic, paraffinic heat-transfer fluid specifically developed for use in systems where incidental contact with food may result. Calflo AE is a saturated paraffinic oil containing inhibitors to minimise oxidation. Calflo HTE is a saturated paraffinic oil inhibited to minimise oxidation. 

Multitherm 503. Multitherm 503 is manufactured by Multitherm Corp. and is a synthetic hydrocarbon intended for Hquid-phase systems in which both heating and cooling are required. It was developed for systems in which incidental contact with food products may result. 

Sahcylaldehyde has a moderate acute oral toxicity the LD q for rats is 0.3-2.0 g/kg of body weight. Hydroxybenzaldehyde has a low acute oral toxicity the LD q for rats is 4.0 g/kg of body weight. Neither material is likely to present a problem from ingestion incidental to its handling and industrial use. It should be recognized, however, that serious effects may result if substantial amounts are swallowed. 

Upon satisfactory deterrnination of nontoxicity of a lubricant, the USDA issues one of two ratings HI for use where there is incidental or possible food contact as by splashing or dripping from machinery above an edible product, or H2 for no food contact as in sealed gear boxes or machinery below a product line (82—84). These classes include a number of petroleum and synthetic oils and greases. 

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