Incidence/incidental

Zufall, m. chance, accident casualty incident occurrence attack. zuf Uig,a. accidental, incidental, casiial, chance, random. 

Negative employee moral may manifest itself in an aspect of direct damage to company equipment as retribution. These effects may be disguised as accidental events in order to avoid persecution by the individuals involved. Other incidents may be perpetrated by outright terrorist activities. Incidental effects may develop into catastrophic incidents unbeknown even to the saboteur. The design of facilities should account for periods when management and labor relations may not be optimum and opportunities for vandalization could easily avail themselves. Where terrorist activity is ongoing suitable preventive measures must be instituted (i.e., increased security measures, barricades, etc.). 

The T25 value may either be incidentally obtained from the experimental smdy or calculated from other mmor incidences at the selected tumorigenic dose (determined above), using linear extrapolation, i.e., by multiphcahon of the dose with the factor 25/p where p is the acmal mmor incidence (e.g., in case of a net 15% incidence, multiply by 25/15). 

There is no need to mention incidental findings in the summary that were not related to treatment with the test item. For a teratology study, however, it is customary to specify the incidence and types of all malformations found, along with an explanation of their relation to treatment (or not). 

Cancer. Increased incidences of relatively rare renal tubular cell adenomas and carcinomas were observed in male rats, but the increases were not statistically significant by the Fisher Exact test or the Cochran-Armitage test (NTP 1986). When adjusted for mortality, however, the increased incidences were significantly different from control in the high-dose males when analyzed by the Lifetable test and significant for dose-related trend by the Lifetable and the Incidental Tumor tests. 

In another experiment, 37-40 mice per group were given one, two or four injections of 8 mg/kg bw 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (calculated as base) and the mice lived until their natural death. The incidence of epithelial kidney tumours was 5.3%, 5.0%, 55.3% and 64.9% after 0,1,2 and 4 injections, respectively. All kidney tumours in the control group or after one injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were small incidental adenomas, while half of the kidney tumours after two or four injections were fatal (Turusov et al., 1990). One male receiving four injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine developed a nephroblastoma, a tumour which is exceedingly rare in mice (Turusov, 1992). 

Incidentally, this incident was a multi-million-dollar mistake. It was not, however, a design error. The installation crew had simply found a... 

Kayexalate (sodium polystjrene sulfonate) in sorbitol is commonly used to treat hjrperkalemia in patients with renal insufficiency. Case reports have documented intestinal necrosis after the administration of kayexalate in sorbitol (26,27). In one study, there was an incidence of 1.8%, and the authors concluded that sorbitol-associated complications may not be uncommon postoperatively (28). Furthermore, it has been suggested that some cases of idiopathic colonic ulcers in patients with renal failure are due to the effects of sorbitol. While kayexalate crystals, which are purple, irregular, and jagged, can be an incidental finding and are not known to cause injury, they are a helpful histological clue to the possibility that sorbitol has been administered (29). 

Hypoxemia has been incidentally reported (SEDA-15, 125) (24), and most probably resulted from an increase in right-to-left cardiac shunting (in a patient with a ventricular septal defect and pulmonary atresia). Atracurium (0.2 mg/kg) may have produced a fall in systemic vascular resistance, perhaps from histamine release pancuronium was subsequently given without incident. 

The prototypical safety assessment for food-borne compounds is the acceptable daily intake (ADI) methodology, which was first documented in 1954, and has come to be employed throughout the world. This paradigm has also been codified in the consideration of food (e.g., aspartame) and color additives (e.g.. Red Dye No. 2), and pesticides (e.g., atrazine). It is also routinely used in the consideration of incidental food-borne chemical contaminants (e.g., lead), particularly as a tool for screening out trivial incidents of exposure. This procedure specifies that an acceptable dose of a chemical may be calculated with the following equation ... 

The excellent energy resolution of a Si(Li) counter is shown in Fig. 7-19. The width W of the pulse distribution is so small that the Si(Li) counter can resolve the Kol and lines of manganese, which the other two counters cannot do. Put another way, the resolution R = W/V of the Si(Li) counter is 2.7 percent or some six times better than that of the proportional counter. For any kind of counter, both W and WjV vary with V, i.e., with the energy hv of the incident x-rays. Therefore any description of counter performance must specify the x-ray energy at which it is measured the 5.90 keV energy of the Mn Ka line is the usual standard reference. The width W, incidentally, is often written as FWHM (full width at half maximum) in the literature of this subject. 

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