Incidental waste

Certain incidental wastes that arise from fuel reprocessing or further processing of reprocessing wastes have been excluded from high-level waste on a case-by-case basis. 

Vessels, e g., waste heat boilers, in which steam is generated incidental to the operation of a processing system containing a number of pressure vessels, such as are used in chemical and petroleum products manufacture. (Equipment which may fire a supplemental fuel should be considered as a fired pressure vessel.)... 

The term incidental is analogous to the term incipient in the example of the waste basket fire. Wliether using the term incidental or incipient, the principle is the same. The questions we need to answer are ... 

This serendipitous discovery marked the beginning of the synthetic dyestuffs industry, based on coal tar as its main raw material, which is, incidentally, a waste product from another industry, steel manufacture. The development of mauveine was followed by efficient syntheses of natural dyes such as alizarin in 1869 (Graebe and Liebermann, 1869), and indigo in 1878 (Bayer, 1878 Heumann, 1890). The synthetic production of these dyes marked the demise of the agricultural production of these materials and the advent of a science-based, predominantly German chemical industry. The present-day fine chemicals and specialties, e.g. pharmaceuticals, industries developed largely as spin-offs of this coal tar-based dyestuffs industry. 

While hypochlorite in pure solutions is an industrially and commercially useful product, notably in water treatment and disinfection, incidental production exceeds demand. If discharged as a waste stream it can act as a powerful bio-toxin owing to its high oxidation potential, can form chlorinated organics when mixed with other streams and can release chlorine if the stream becomes acidic. There is thus a need to treat these waste hypochlorite streams. 

Whether such disposal is intentional or incidental, significant quantities of pesticides and pesticide wastes end up in natural and artificial aquatic systems. Thus, any consideration of the disposal of this broad category of anthropogenic chemicals must include an understanding of the reaction mechanisms and principal pathways for degradation of pesticides in aquatic systems. Of the degradative pathways relevant to such systems, hydrolysis reactions are perhaps the most important type of chemical decomposition process ( 1 7 ). 

These conclusions have several implications for pesticide waste disposal considerations. For incidental or accidental disposal of pesticides in natural aquatic systems, the results suggest that model calculations using aqueous solution values for abiotic neutral hydrolysis rate constants can be used without regard to sorption to sediments. For alkaline hydrolysis, on the other hand, models must explicitly include sorption phenomena and the correspond ng rate reductions in order to accurately predict hydrolytic degadation. 

The principal plastics that show up in municipal wastes are the polyethylenes, polystyrenes, and polypropylenes. These include polyethylene terephthalate (PET) used in soil drink containers, high density polyethylene (HDPE), used in milk jugs, and polystyrene, used in fast-food containers, which, incidentally, were first banned in Oregon (1989). 

One of the major repositories for commercial low-level waste is near Barnwell, South Carolina and is nearing its capacity. Other repositories around the country were closed when full or when required to be closed by state regulatory action. The major repository for very low-level or incidental nuclear waste is near Salt Lake City, Utah and there is another located in Texas. There have been no health effects or releases of radioactivity exceeding licensed limits from these low-level repositories. The schedule for opening additional low-level repositories has been delayed for several years by the same type of public opposition encountered by proposals relating to treatment and disposal of municipal and other wastes. 

Koustas RN. 1991. Control of incidental asbestos exposure at hazardous waste sites. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 41 1004-1009. 

A primary human health concern associated with mine wastes, tailings, and smelting byproducts produced during the extraction of metals from metallic mineral deposits has been the incidental ingestion exposure, and resulting heavy metal uptake, especially for small children who play on waste piles, tailings, slag heaps, or... 

It is interesting to note that sulfide, the waste product of anaerobic respiration by SRB, is relatively toxic to microorganisms in high concentrations due to its ability to denature certain proteins and bind to metal centered enzymes (Brock and Madigan 1991 Postgate 1965 Trudinger et al. 1972). Although an incidental process that occurs exterior to the cell, precipitation of very insoluble metal sulfides serves to make the environment more hospitable for microbial communities in these habitats. The process also may contribute to the formation of ore bodies (Druschel et al. 2002). 

The soap and candle industries must now be regarded as offshoots of the oil industries. Their origin is remote, but it was not until 1813, when Chevreul published his remarkable researches on the composi. tion of oils and fats, that anything was known of the true nature of the processes involved in their manufacture, Nowadays the chemist should be in paramount control of their production. The recovery. of glycerine, which at one time flowed into our rivers and streams as a waste product, was a scientific achievement of far-reaching importance, as we have indicated in our remarks on explosives, while its use in medicine is considerable. Incidentally we may mention also that glycerine, mixed with water, prevents evaporation and freezing, and this property finds application in the mechanism of gas meters. 

Isolation of the waste from people to make incidental or intentional access to the waste highly improbable... 

The process of destraction dates back to a discovery by Kurt Zosel (1913-1989) at the Max-Planck-Institut fur Kohlenforschung in Miilheim, who was engaged in normal-pressure polymerisation of ethylene. He had incidentally noticed, that residues from the distillation of oU, but also waste oil, vegetable fats and oils from natural products, could be extracted very well with supercritical gases. [514] This methodology offered correspondingly a number of other applications, as to extract hop aroma from hops, unsaturated fatty acids from fish oUs, vitamin E from vegetable oils, and paraffins or phenols from bituminous tar. 

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