In newborns

Mepivacaine hydrochloride [1722-62-9] similar in profile to Hdocaine, is used for infiltration, peripheral nerve blocks, and extradural anesthesia. It appears to be less toxic than Hdocaine in adults but more toxic in newborns. The duration of action is longer than that of Hdocaine because of its lower vasodilator activity. Mepivacaine has Htde topical activity. 

Prilocaine hydrochloride [1786-81-8] is also similar in profile to Hdocaine, although prilocaine has significantly less vasodilator activity. Prilocaine is the least toxic of the amino amide local anesthetics. However, its tendency to cause methemoglobinemia, especially in newborns, has eliminated its use in obstetric surgery. 

Weakly absorbed aminoisoxazole (636) has reported antidiarrheal effects in pigs without any side effects (77MIP41600). Sulfanilamide isoxazoles have been used to control atrophic rhinitis in newborn swine. 

Acute infection with Hetpes simplex viruses (HSV) results in painful rashes on skin and mucous membranes. HSV-1 mainly causes cold sores around the mouth (hetpes labialis) or eyes (keratitis), whereas infection by HSV-2 mostly results in sores in the genital or anal area. Less frequently, HSV also causes severe infections in newborns or potentially fatal encephalitis. HSV remains latent and can be reactivated by stress, suppression of the immune system or other infections. 

The CNS stimulants are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity or severe hypertension, in newborns, and in patients with epilepsy or convulsive... 

Fride E, Foox A, Rosenberg E, et al Milk intake and survival in newborn cannabinoid CBl receptor knockout mice evidence for a CB3 receptor. EurJ Pharmacol 461 27-34, 2003... 

Morselli PL, Franco-Morselli R, Bossi L. 1980. Clinical pharmacokinetics in newborns and infants. Clin Pharmacokin 5 485-527. 

Morselli PE, Eranco-Morselli R, Bossi E. 1980. Clinical Pharmacokinetics in Newborns and Infants. Age-related differences and therapeutic implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 5 485-527. 

Those associated with the screening of newborns for genetic diseases and for determining genetic diseases in newborns after some abnormalities are noted. 

Although rum ammonia levels are not routinely measured, it is a useful indicator of Reye s syndrome and should be monitored in newborns at risk of developing hyperammonemia Ammonia is produced in many analytically useful enzyme reactions and the ammonium ISE has been used as the base sensor in several enzyme electrodes (see next section). In addition to valinomycin, other antibiotics such as the nonactin homalogs and gramicidins also behave as ionophores. The nonactin homolo were originally studied for their ability to selectively bind potassiiun ions It was then discovered that ammonium ions were preferred over potassium ions, and the selectivity coefficient Knh+ = 0.12 was reported. Since ammonia is present at fairly low levels in serum, this selectivity is not sufficient to to accurately measure NH4 in the presence of K. An extra measure of selectivity can be gained by using a gas permeable membrane to separate the ammonia gas from the sample matrix... 

Ilback NG, Sundberg J, Oskarsson A. 1991. Methyl mercury exposure via placenta and milk impahs natural killer (NK) cell function in newborn rats. Toxicol Left 58 149-158. 

Martensson, J. and Meister, A. (1991). Glutathione deficiency decreases tissue ascorbate levels in newborn rats ascorbate spates glutathione and proteas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 4656-4660. 

There are also RMs which are prepared for a specific application and are used for validation of relevant methods. Cobbaert et al. (1999) made use of Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)-protein-based materials when evaluating a procedure which used an electrode with an enzyme-linked biosensor to determine glucose and lactate in blood. Chance et al. (1999) are involved with the diagnosis of inherited disorders in newborn children and they prepared a series of reference materials consisting of blood spotted onto filter paper and dried, from which amino-acids can be eluted and... 

Schaal B., Orgeur P. and Arnould C. (1995). Olfactory preferences in newborn lambs — possible influence of prenatal experience. Behaviour 132, 351-365. 

Children Pain interviews may be conducted with children as young as 3 or 4 years of age however, communication may be limited by vocabulary.34 Terms familiar to children such as hurt, owie, or boo boo may be used to describe pain. The VAS is best used with children older than 7 years of age. Other scales based on numbers of objects (e.g., poker chips), increasing color intensity, or faces of pain may be helpful for children between 4 and 7 years of age. In children younger than 3 to 4 years of age, behavioral or physiologic measures, such as pulse or respiratory rate, may be more appropriate. Pain assessment in newborns and infants relies on behavioral observation for such clues as vocalizations (crying and fussing), facial expressions,... 

Congenital hypothyroidism is still seen in the United States, and all newborns in the United States undergo screening with a TSH level. As soon as the hypothyroid state is identified, the newborn should receive the full LT4 replacement dose. The replacement dose of LT4 in children is age-dependent. In newborns, the usual dose is 10 to 17 mcg/kg per day. LT4 tablets may be crushed and mixed with breast milk or formula. Serum FT4 levels (target 1.6-2.2 ng/dL or 20.59-28.31 pmol/L) are used for dose titration in infants because the TSH level may not respond to treatment as it does in older children and adults. By 6 months of age, the required dose is reduced to 5 to 7 mcg/kg per day, and from ages 1 to 10 years, the dose is 3 to 6 mcg/kg per day. After age 12, adult doses can be given. 

Bomford JA, Harrison JD. 1986. The absorption of ingested Pu and Am in newborn guinea pigs. Health Phys 51(6) 804-808. 

David AJ, Harrison JD. 1984. The absorption of ingested neptunium, plutonium and americium in newborn hamsters. Int J Radiat Biol 46(3) 279-286. 

J. Aranda, S. MacLeod, K. Renton, and N. Eade, Hepatic microsomal drug oxidation and electron transport in newborn infants, J. Pediatr, 85, 534 (1974). 

Necheles et al. (N4) first reported a genetically determined homozygous GSH-Px deficiency associated with neonatal jaundice and mild hemolysis. Spontaneous recovery from hemolysis was noted 3 months after birth. Thereafter, several cases with GSH-Px deficiency were reported. Newborn infants exhibit significantly lower red blood cell GSH-Px activity and serum selenium concentrations than adult control subjects, and a significantly positive correlation between selenium concentration and GSH-Px activity has been observed. Furthermore, the addition of selenium stimulates, both in vivo and in vitro, the GSH-Px activity. The neonatal red blood cell GSH-Px deficiency may be partially due to insufficient availability of selenium during pregnancy (P9). Therefore, the diagnosis of GSH-Px deficiency in newborn infants must be made carefully. 

A new product being developed currently is a mattress to treat hypoxia (lack of oxygen) in newborn babies. It is known that reducing the body temperature of the new born has a positive effect therefore they are treated with cold towels, medicine, chilled rooms to keep the temperature. This treatment could be substituted by the treatment with a PCM mattress, thereby optimizing and prolonging the temperature regulating effect. 

Newborns are especially vulnerable to pesticides effects, since they do not have a fully developed immune system and adaptation mechanisms, or detoxification systems for foreign chemicals. A direct correlation between overall pesticide exposure in a given territory and primary illness in newborns [A101] was traced into even those territories of the Ukraine where the volumes of pesticides used were not extreme. The clearest expression of the pesticide exposure - primary newborn illness correlation is seen with pesticides of the second risk class (by toxicity), while the correlation is less clear for pesticides of the third and fourth categories. The most dangerous pesticides of all types for newborns are OCPs, with OPPs a close second [A101]. 

IT BECAME CLEAR ONLY IN RECENT YEARS, THAT PESTICIDES NOT ONLY CAUSE CANCER, CONGENITAL DAMAGE, AND DEFORMITIES IN NEWBORNS, BUT ALSO AFFECT THE IMMUNE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS. 

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