In milk and urine

Because of the possibility that the herbicide alachlor could adulterate food if either poultry or livestock consumed contaminated materials, Lehotay and Miller evaluated three commercial immunoassays in milk and urine samples from a cow dosed with alachlor. They found that milk samples needed to be diluted with appropriate solvents (1 2, v/v) to eliminate the matrix effect. One assay kit (selected based on cost) was also evaluated for use with eggs and liver samples from chickens. Egg and liver samples were blended with acetonitrile, filtered, and diluted with water. Linear calibration curves prepared from fortified egg and liver samples were identical... 

In goats orally dosed with 11 mg/kg bw radiolabeled thiophanate, the extent of thiophanate metabolism was about 52% in plasma (9). The major metabolites found in milk and urine at 24 h postdosing were 5-hydroxylobendazole and 2-aminobenzimidazole, each metabolite accounting for about 30% of the administered dose. 

Msagati, T. A. M., Nindi, M. M. (2005). Apphcation of supported liquid membranes in the multi-residue extraction of aminoglycoside antibiotics in milk and urine. BuU. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 78, 2135-41. 

A complete characterization of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of pirlimycin in the dairy cow following intramammary administration has demonstrated that pirlimycin is readily absorbed from the udder and excreted largely unchanged in milk and urine. Oxidation of the sulfide to the sulfoxide was the only hepatic metabolism observed. However, microflora in the GI Tract of the cow converted both pirlimycin and pirlimycin sulfoxide to ribonucleotide adducts with the addition on the C-3 hydroxyl of the sugar ring. Elimination kinetics of the pirlimycin residue in milk led to a proposed milk discard time of 36 hours for the US market. 

In milk and urine, most iodine occurs as iodide, but are some species of organic iodine also found. The iodine species in fish are similar to that in the human body. 

Chahin A., Guiavarc h Y.P., Dziurla M.-A., Toussaint H., Feidt C., Rychen G. 1-Hydroxypyrene in milk and urine as a bioindicator of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposnre of rnminants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56 1780-1786 (2008). 

Hypoxanthine, CgH4N40, has been obtained chiefly from nucleotides. It is present in extracts of glandular and muscle tissue, in fish sperm and bone marrow, and, in traces, in milk and urine. Urinary hypoxanthine is greatly increased in leukaemia. It occurs in microcrystals of low solubility in water and organic solvents, but dissolves in acids or alkalies to form salts. On oxidation, it is converted into xanthine. 

The aforementioned series of reactions provides a basis for a colorimetric analytical method for Compound 118 in which the commonly used agricultural chemicals do not interfere. The procedure described herein permits the estimation of as little as 10 micrograms of Compound 118, and has been successfully applied to the analysis of this insect toxicant in insecticidal dusts, in film residues on glass and paper, in human and animal urine, and in mixture with other insecticides. Application of this procedure to the determination of Compound 118 in milk and in spray and dust residues on plants appears promising. 

Recently, most of the methods which have been used for the analysis of valproic acid in plasma, serum, cerebral spinal fluid, saliva, breast milk, and urine involve acidification of the biological sample, extraction into an organic solvent, and direct injection onto a gas-liquid chromatographic column (28, 29, 16, 30, 31, 32,... 

Breast milk During lactation human mammary tissue expresses the sodium iodide symporter [260], and thus significant transfer of perchlorate into human milk is likely. The presence of micrograms per liter concentrations of perchlorate in milk collected fi om US women [233] confirms lactation as a relevant perchlorate excretion path. If lactating women are secreting perchlorate in milk, then urine-based estimates of total perchlorate exposure for these individuals are likely to be lower than actual [242]. 

The primary application of the procedure is the determination of the presence or absence of 3-lactam 7) residues in milk and secondarily to measure the levels quantitatively. The receptor assay system has now been expanded to qualitatively detect residues of tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, novobiocin, and sulfamethazine in milk, serum and urine (Table II) (30). 

A few natural organofluorine compounds exist, most notably in plants (Fig. 1c). These are generally noted for their toxicity most importantly, fluoroacetate enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and as fluorocitrate inhibits c/s-aconitase [4,106,107]. Of course, toxicity provides an opportunity to generate specific poisons and fluoroacetate is widely used as a rodenticide providing opportunities for NMR [108]. F NMR has been used for extensive studies of body fluids such as milk and urine with respect to xenobiotica [109-115]. 

All the belladonna alkaloids are well absorbed from the GIT, from the site of injection and the mucous membrane. They are distributed throughout the body and cross the blood-brain barrier. About 50% of the atropine is metabolized in liver and remaining portion is excreted unchanged in urine. Atropine cross the placental barrier and is secreted in milk and saliva. 

The presence of detectable levels in plasma and urine of treated cows indicates that nafcillin is absorbed systematically following intramammary administration. The major part of nafcillin is excreted in the milk, but a higher proportion of nafcillin is absorbed from the udder when nafcillin is administered at drying off. Residue depletion studies (70) with lactating cows showed that residues in all edible tissues were below 300 ppb at 72 h after cessation of treatment, while residues in milk were below 30 ppb from the fourth milking onwards, after cessation of the treatment. 

The applicability of the APCI interface is restricted to the analysis of compounds with lower polarity and lower molecular mass compared with ESP and ISP. An early demonstration of the potential of the APCI interface is the LC-APCI-MS-MS analysis of phenylbutazone and two of its metabolites in plasma and urine (128). Other applications include the LC-APCI-MS analysis of steroids in equine and human urine and plasma (129-131), the determination of six sulfonamides in milk samples after a simple solid-phase extraction and LC separation (132), of tetracyclines in muscle at the 100 ppb level (133), of fenbendazole, oxfendazole, and the sulfone metabolite in muscle at the 10 ppb level, and of five thyreostats in thyroid tissue at the 1 ppm level (134). 

Several biological experiments were conducted in conjunction with experiments held at the Nevada Test Site. One of these is illustrated in Figure 18, which shows spectra from samples of feces, plasma, milk, and urine from a dairy cow 24 hours after it was fed radioactive debris obtained at the site of a nuclear detonation. 

Reference ranges have been established for arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, platinum, nickel in blood and urine pentachlorophenol and metabolites of organophosphorus in serum and urine PCBs, fi-HCH, HCB, DDE in blood organochlorine pesticides (fi-HCH, HCB, total DDT) in human milk... 

Exposure. Because DEHP is rapidly metabolized and excreted, it is difficult to monitor anything but recent human exposures through the body fluids. MEHP and several oxidized MEHP metabolites can be measured in blood and urine and are biomarkers of exposure, and DEHP has been detected in human milk. Since DEHP is a lipophilic substance, it has the potential to deposit in adipose tissues. More chronic exposures can be detected with a fat biopsy, but there are no validated approaches for assessment of chronic exposure by fat biopsy analysis. Additional studies of methods for monitoring DEHP exposure would be of value. 

Pentosidine, too, has been found in foods.354 Ion-exchange chromatography with direct fluorescence detection gave a detection limit lower than 50 fig kg-1 protein. The levels in food ranged from not detectable to 2-5 mg kg-1 protein for sterilized and evaporated milk and up to 35 mg kg-1 protein for some bakery products and coffee, a range of concentrations comparable with those in plasma and urine. Pentosidine also increased with storage, but, compared with the crosslinks due to lysinoalanine and histidinoalanine (up to 3000 mg kg-1 protein), it does not play a major part in crosslinking food proteins. 

DBC 34 (harmalan) is a rare mammalian alkaloid present in goat urine (67). The fully aromatic BC 35 (norharman), on the other hand, is an endogenous metabolite in man (44), and BC 36 (harman) was found to be present in tissues of rat and man (1,46,54,68,69). Carboxylic acid 37 was detected in cerebral fluids of monkeys (70), and analog 38 was detected in bovine milk and urine (71). 

Analytical methods are available to measure mercury in blood, urine, tissue, hair, and breast milk [11]. Biological monitoring of mercury is very useful for assessing exposure as well as risk for health effects [17], but comphcated by the fact that both organic and inorganic forms of mercury occur in the body and can be identified in blood and urine. Mercury concentration in individuals who are not occupationally exposed, and whose fish intake is moderate or low, varies between 0.1 and 7 pg/L. The lower values are found in urine and the higher in blood. Urinary mercury is thought... 

Swainsonine is water soluble and is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It circulates through the body system, and is excreted in the urine, milk and fece after 5-6 days pratically no toxin remains in the serxun. Swainsonine is eliminated partially in milk and it can be fed to nursing calves and lambs, developing lesion, such as cats that feed milk from cows that consumed locoweed. Reversal of the effects of intoxications are slower, thus week or months may be required for recovery of cell function. Some CNS neurons are lost and cannot replaced [158]. 

DEE is readily absorbed through the skin. It is metabolized to -butyl mercaptan in the gastrointestinal tract by hydrolysis. The metabolite is excreted in the urine. A urinary metabolic profiling following oral administration of DEF to a lactating goat revealed that DEF is efficiently metabolized to many metabolites. The amount of DEF in liver, kidney, and muscle represented <1% of the total residue. A major metabolite, 3-hydroxybutylmethyl sulfone was found in the tissue, milk, and urine. The hydrolytic products of DEF, S,S-dibutyl phosphorodithioate and S-butyl phosphorothiate were identified as minor components in urine, comprising 5% and 4% of the total residue, respectively. 

All four udder quarters of twelve dairy cows in mid-lactation were treated at 4 times the therapeutic dose of 50 mg/ quarter by intramammary infusion of an aqueous gel containing 200 mg of pirlimycin free base equivalents, including the labeled " C-pirlimycin hydrochloride. The pharmacokinetic parameters for total pirlimycin residue in blood and milk were determined. Three cows were sacrificed at each of four post-treatment intervals (4, 6, 14, and 28 days) to establish tissue residue depletion kinetics. Metabolite profiles of the residues in milk, liver, urine and feces were obtained and the unknown radiolabeled components identified. 

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