In Europe and North America

It has long been recognized that local environmental characteristics influence the rates of material corrosion. After two years of measurements at 39 sites in Europe and North America, significant relationships have been shown between corrosion rates of building materials and atmospheric pollutants( 5). While direction of exposure relative to weather and other factors such as frequency and duration of wetting significantly influence corrosion, Kucera (46) has shown that sulphur oxides are strongly correlated with deterioration of structural materials. 

Business mentoring is regarded and practised somewhat differently in Europe and North America whilst sponsorship mentoring is embraced in many American companies, European firms tend to embrace developmental mentoring, the latter also being the concept endorsed by the authors of this... 

FIGURE 2.8 Inputs and losses of a) THg and b) MeHg for watersheds in Europe and North America. 

The monitoring of organic farms in Europe and North America is relatively well-established. However, as Herrmann and Heid (2000) pointed out, several European member states are voicing doubts about the reliability of control mechanisms among groups of small farmers in Latin America, Africa and Asia. 

Before mechanical refrigeration systems were introduced, people cooled their food with ice and snow, found or made on-site or gathered in the mountains. This practice survives today in the Taurus Mountains of Turkey. Ice was stored in icehouses usually partially buried in the ground and lined with straw or sawdust. Remains of these structures survive on many farms in Europe and North America. Ice has long been used for space comfort conditioning. In the early nineteenth century, ice was placed in air ducts to cool and dehumidify warm air blown by fans. 

But not all the potash, kelp, and barilla in Europe and North America could keep up with the cotton textile factories of Britain and France. France was in a particularly dire situation. Even under normal conditions, her natural sources of alkali were insufficient. Then France supported the American War of Independence, and British ships cut off the French supply of American potash. With gunpowder and textile industries dependent on potash, France had to find a way to make artificial alkali. 

Ludwig Fritz Haber. The Chemical Industry during the Nineteenth Century A Study of the Economic Aspect of Applied Chemistry in Europe and North America. Oxford ... 

Below we will consider the critical limits apphed for different purposes in Europe and North America. Examples are given for multifunctional soil and water use, differentiation in land use types and bioconcentration in food web. 

Cold, wet times in Greenland occurred with very cold, dry, windy conditions in Europe and North America along with very warm weather in the South Atlantic and Antarctica. This weather is indicated by studies of high mountain glaciers, the thickness of tree rings, and the types of pollen and shells found in mud at the bottoms of lakes and oceans. 

In Europe, vegetable-oil-based fuels are mainly produced from rapeseed. In the USA, vegetable-oil-based fuels are mainly derived from soybeans. Another feedstock used in Europe and North America is sunflower seed. Most of the vegetable oil that is used as energy source for the generation of transportation fuel is converted to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), often called biodiesel . 

The traditional acetone-cyanohydrin (ACH) process is the most widely used in Europe and North America, while other processes are more used in Asia. In the... 

Historically, PSP has occurred in North America (the Pacific Northwest and the Northeast) and Europe (Acres and Gray, 1978 Anderson, 1989). More recently, PSP has been reported in Japan, Malaysia, the Philipines, Indonesia, Latin America, and China (Anderson et al., 1996 Kao, 1993). The fatality rate for PSP varies on the basis of local health-care practitioner awareness of the disease and its treatment and on the capacity of the existing medical system to assist one or more poisoning victims needing respiratory support. For example, in recent outbreaks in Europe and North America, no deaths occurred among more than 200 cases. However, in similar outbreaks in southeast Asia and Latin America, where the disease is unfamiliar to local health practitioners and where health-care resources are limited, fatality rates of 2 to 14% have been reported (Kao, 1993). 

According to the current knowledge, residues of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are widespread in the aquatic systems. Surface water monitoring programmes in Europe and North America [3-8] have shown, as a result of improved analytical capabilities [9, 10], the presence of many different classes of pharmaceuticals, some of which are known to be environmentally persistent [10]. 

The effect of acid deposition on forests remains a topic of some dispute among experts. While there is little doubt that sulfur dioxide and other forms of acid deposition do cause damage to trees, a number of other factors may also be responsible for the widespread die-off of trees observed in forests in Europe and North America over the past 50 years. For example, other elements of polluted air, such as ozone or heavy metals, may also contribute to at least some extent to these disasters. 

Every year millions of cubic meters of ready-mixed concrete are returned for disposal in dump sites. There are now increasing environmental concerns and restrictions regulating the disposal of returned plastic concrete. In the last decade, environmental protection agencies in Europe and North America have classified both returned plastic concrete and truck wash water as hazardous waste. Consequently, the conventional methods of disposal in slurry tanks and landfill sites have become redundant, and disposal of plastic concrete is now a major problem for the ready-mixed concrete industry [102]. 

Throughout this period, the way in which tobacco was used in Europe and North America was confined largely to 50% of the population—men. The way in which tobacco was taken depended on class and nationality. 

Apart from natural-product-derived modem medicine, natural products are also used directly in the natural pharmaceutical industry that is growing rapidly in Europe and North America, as well as in the traditional medicine programmes being incorporated into the primary health care systems of Mexico, The People s Repuhhc of China, Nigeria and other developing countries. 

Most of the increase in the 1990s was due to rapidly rising use of amphetamines in Asia, notably in East and South-East Asia. Increases in Europe and North America also contributed to the global rise of the 1990s, albeit to a lesser extent. The stabilization over the last few years is therefore a global phenomenon. 

The early successes of DDT were nothing short of spectacular. In Europe and North America, DDT was widely used and malaria had been eradicated from both continents within a few years. It is thought that the transmission of malaria in Greece was halted in the course of one year. One historian even suggested that malaria eradication was the most important single fact in the whole of modern Italian history. 16... 

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