Malaria eradication

Chloroquine is the preferred chemoprophylactic agent in malarious regions without resistant falciparum malaria. Eradication of P vivax and P ovale requires a course of primaquine to clear hepatic stages. 

The early successes of DDT were nothing short of spectacular. In Europe and North America, DDT was widely used and malaria had been eradicated from both continents within a few years. It is thought that the transmission of malaria in Greece was halted in the course of one year. One historian even suggested that malaria eradication was the most important single fact in the whole of modern Italian history. 16... 

World Health Organization, Malaria Eradication, A Plea for Health, Genf, 1958. 

Johnson, D.R., 1965. Status of malaria eradication in India. Mosq. News 25, 361. 

The name of this insecticide is to many people synonymous with environmental pollution, and it is therefore an important example in this chapter but the story is not simple. DDT is an abbreviation for the chemical name of the insecticide dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane. It contains five chlorine atoms and is hence called an organochlorine compound. It was first made in 1874 but not found to be an insecticide until 1939 by Paul Muller. It was used extensively in the Second World War for the control of insects such as lice and mosquitoes, carriers of the diseases typhus and malaria. It was very effective in controlling these pests, and the diseases they carried, and undoubtedly thousands of soldiers lives were saved. Since then, the lives of millions of people throughout the world have also been saved by this insecticide both as a result of the reduction of these and other diseases and as a result of the improvement in crop yields which has reduced starvation. Indeed, in 1953 it was estimated that the use of DDT for malaria eradication had saved 50 million lives and averted more... 

DDT or 1,1-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)bis [4-chlorobenzene] Organochlorine Nerve poison, affecting sodium balance of nerve membranes, nonsystemic contact and stomach action Mosquito control for malaria eradication for crop use replaced by less persistent products 11-21... 

It is important in active sampling to choose appropriate sorbents and methods. Lindane (y-HCH), for example, is only present in the vapor phase, not in the particle phase [82]. Singh et al. [45] also reported lindane to be chiefly found in the vapor phase. DDT in contrast, when analyzed in rooms treated with DDT according to the National Malaria Eradication Program of India, was 34-78% particle-bound. 

Hayes (5) has also reviewed the contribution of pesticides to the control of human diseases spread by arthropods and other vectors. Outbreaks of malaria, louse-borne typhus, plague, and urban yellow fever, four of the most important epidemic diseases of history, have been controlled by use of the organochlorine insecticides, especially DDT. In fact, the single most significant benefit from pesticides has been the protection from malaria. Today malaria eradication is an accomplished fact for 619 million people who live in areas once malarious. Where eradication has been achieved it has stood the test of time. An additional 334 million people live in areas where transmission of the parasite is no longer a major problem. Thus, about 1 billion people, or approximately one-fourth of the population of the world, no longer live under the threat of malaria. 

World Health Organisation, Terminology of Malaria and Malaria Eradication Report of a Drafting Committee, 1963... 

Today malaria eradication is an accomplished fact for more than 633 million people who once lived at risk to this disease [1]. An additional 330 million live in regions where parasite transmission is no longer a major problem [1]. To have progressed this far, and to have brought a sustained measure of well-being to more than one quarter of the world s population, is an international public health achievement without parallel. 

Once it had been recognized that DDT killed the mosquitoes which spread malaria, a worldwide malaria eradication programme was quickly put into... 

Malaria - According to WHO reports, malaria eradication is today an ac-conq>lished fact for 619 million people. An additional million population live in areas where transmission of the parasite Is no longer a major problem. On the other side of the picture there are another 638 million who live in areas where transmission still continues. The number of reported cases of malaria in the U.S. is increasing rapidly, mainly due to military returnees from Vietnam.In I966 there were 5 5 reports as compared to 14 reports in 1965. ... 

R. C. Muirhead-Thomson, The significance of irritahility, hehaviouristic avoidance and allied phenomena in malaria eradication. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 22, 721,1960. 

E. J. Pampana, A Textbook of Malaria Eradication, 2nd ed., pp. 183-192, London, United Kingdom Oxford University Press, 1969. 

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