Immunopotentiating effects 22

IMMUNOPOTENTIATING EFFECTS OF A GLYCOPROTEIN FROM CHLORELLA VULGARIS STRAIN CK AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS... 

Lundy J, Lovett EJ (1976) Thiabendazole a new immunopotentiator effective in therapy of murine fibrosarcoma. Surg Forum 27 132-134 Marmion LC, Desser KB, Lilly RB, Stevens DA (1976) Reversible thrombocytosis and anemia due to miconazole therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 10 447-449 Mauer AM, Devaux W, Lahey ME (1957) Neonatal and maternal thrombocytopenic purpura due to quinine. Pediatrics 19 84-87... 

Chitosan also shows immunopotentiating activity the mechanism involves, at least in part, the production of interferon-gamma and the stimulatory effect on nitric oxide production. Chitosan-based dressings also modulate peroxide production [312,314-318]. 

Since plants used as herb medicines contain high amounts of germanium compounds, the latter have been regarded as having immunopotentiation and antitumour activities. At present, organogermanium compounds are mainly used for medical applications. For example, Ge-132 is well known to have not only an antitumour effect, but also to induce interferon (IFN) production in vivo8. 

Figure 6 Immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIV) adjuvant effects in the induction of tumor associated antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell. CD14-negative cells from a healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cocultured with autologous immature dendritic cells (iDC) in the presence of Melan-A/Mart-l27-35, alone (A) or supplemented with either control liposomes (B) or IRIV (1 50, C). On day 7, culture cells were restimulated with Melan-A/MART-127-35 pulsed iDC and cultured for six further days [see Materials and Methods ]. On day 7 after restimulation cells were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-CD8 and phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated HL A-A0201 /Melan-A/MART -127-3 5 tetramers. Source From Ref. 6.

Shek, P. N., and Sabiston, B. H. (1982b) Immune response mediated by liposome-associated protein antigens. II. Comparison of the effectiveness of vesicle-entrapped and surface-associated antigens in immunopotentiation. Immunology 47, 627. 

Novel opioid compounds have been synthesized that have analgesic capacity, but lack immunosuppressive effects or even potentiates immune function [60,123-126]. In this respect, Nowak et al. [123] recently reported that the delta opioid agonist SNC 80 did not alter NK cell, lymphocyte, and macrophage functions following ICV administration [123]. Furthermore, IV administration of SNC 80 was associated with ex vivo immunopotentiation, following an activating challenge. 

Thus, saponins are apparently able to stimulate or suppress the immune system by two different mechanisms. In one mechanism, saponins interact with cell membrane components to alter cell permeability, membrane-associated enzymes, cell-surface receptors, and other components, and thus result in a nonspecific stimulation (or suppression) of phagocytosis, phagocytic chemiluminescence, and other functions of phagocytic lymphocytes. These effects can take place in vivo or in vitro. In the other mechanism, formation of imines (Schiff bases) by carbonyl-containing saponins can provide a co-stimulatory signal necessary for specific immunopotentiation of T cells that leads to a CMI response. This second mechanism, which is known as an adjuvant effect, takes place only in vivo, and is discussed in more detail in subsequent sections of this article. From previous work [62,73], it is expected that, for saponins with appropriate structures, both mechanisms would take place. Perhaps, the best-known case where both mechanisms can take place is that of the saponins derived from Q. saponaria Molina, which are next discussed in more detail. 

Purified polysaccharide fractions of phellodendron extract demonstrated immunopotentiating activity in mice administered doses up to 100 mg/kg (Park et al. 2004). Immune-suppressant effects of the compounds magnoflorine and phellodendrine were observed after mice were intraperito-neally administered the compounds at doses of 5 to 20 mg/ kg (Mori et al. 1994). 

Picibanil (OK-432) was originally developed as an immunotherapy agent for cancer. It is thought that its immunopotentiating actions are due to local inflammation, which promotes the release of various cytokines. Picibanil reduces carcinomatous ascites and pleural effusions and is effective in lymphangioma. 

Chavali SR, Barton LD, Campbell JB (1988) Immunopotentiation by orally-administered Quillaja saponins effects in mice vaccinated intraperitoneally against rabies. Clin Exp Immunol 74 339-343... 

One way that selenium appears to act is as a non-specific stimulant of immune competent tissues and cells contributing to its anti-inflammatory, immunopotentiation and carcinostatic attributes. Additional data suggests other effects of Se upon cells of the immune system perhaps independent of GSHPx activity such as ubiquinone biosynthesis, (Coenz3one Q 10) which in turn affects host-defense mechanisms (Frost, 1975). A third possibility to explain the effects attributed to Se above is to propose that increases in levels of the selenium dependent enzyme glutathione peroxidase and perhaps other specific selenium-dependent functions in lymphocytes and macrophages is the reason for immunoenhancement. This subject has been addressed by Schauzer (1979) and is amplified here by the author. 

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