Immunopathology

Lindell DM, Berlin AA. Schaller MA. Lukacs NW B-cell antigen presentation promotes Th2 responses and immunopathology during chronic allergic lung disease. PLoS ONE 2008 3 e3129. 

Luross JA, Williams NA. The genetic and immunopathological processes underlying collagen-induced arthritis. Immunology 2001 103(4) 407 116. 

Immunopathological phenomena play an important role in the pathology of filariases (such as blindness caused by 0. volvulus and elephantiasis... 

Smith, H.V. (1991) Immune evasion and immunopathology in Toxocara canis infection. In Kennedy, M.W. (ed.) Parasitic Nematodes —Antigens, Membranes and Genes. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 116-139. 

Grencis, R.K. (1997) Enteric helminth infection immunopathology and resistance during intestinal nematode infection. Chemical Immunology 66, 41-61. 

Miller, H.R.P. (1984) The protective mucosal response against gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants and laboratory animals. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 6, 167-259. 

Upon activation, mast cells release numerous mediators, including vasoactive amines, proteases, pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-ip, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-a) and also regulatory Th2 cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) (Burd et al., 1989 Gordon and Galli, 1990 Marietta el al., 1996 Toru et al., 1998 Aoki et al., 1999 Lorentz et al, 2000). Therefore, the mastocytosis in the infected mucosa represents an immunopathological rather than a protective response. Indeed, our studies have shown that expulsion of T. spiralis from TNF-Rl / or iNOS / mice was achieved in the absence of a substantial mastocytosis and subsequent amelioration of enteropathy (Lawrence etal., 1998, 2000). 

Kramer, S., Schimpl, A. and Hunig, T. (1995) Immunopathology of interleukin (IL) 2-deficient mice thymus dependence and suppression by thymus-dependent cells with an intact IL-2 gen e. Journal of Experimental Medicine 182, 1769-1776. 

Mansfield, L.S. and Urban, J.F. Jr (1996) The pathogenesis of necrotic proliferative colitis in swine is linked to whipworm induced suppression of mucosal immunity to resident bacteria. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 50, 1-17. 

Colvin RB, Bhan AK, McCluskey RT. Diagnostic Immunopathology, 2nd edition. New York Raven Press, 1995. 

Immunotoxicity. No information was found on the immunological effects of acrylonitrile in humans or animals by any route of exposure. Because no Immunopathological effects have been reported in subchronic and chronic studies involving multiple species, additional studies employing a more specific testing battery are not warranted at this time. 

Hilton, L.S., Bean, A.G., and Lowenthal, J.W. 2002. The emerging role of avian cytokines as immunotherapeutics and vaccine adjuvants. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 85(3-4), 119-128. 

Lang, B. and Newsom-Davis, J. Immunopathology of the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 17 3-15,1995. 

Green, S.J. and Nacy, C.A., Antimicrobial and immunopathologic effect of cytokine-induced nitric oxide synthesis, Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 6, 384, 1993. 

Many studies have shown that Pb exposure can lead to immunodeficiencies [reviewed in 20], The most compelling studies show an increase in susceptibility to a variety of infectious agents in Pb intoxicated animals suggesting that Pb compromises protective immunity. It is fairly well-established that Pb intoxication lowers host resistance to pathogens and exacerbates morbidity and mortality associated with such infections. More recently, the spectrum of immunopathologies affected by Pb has widened reports have suggested that Pb exposure contributes to the heightened incidence of atopic diseases [21, 22],... 

Immunopathology Hematology (blood cell count), weight of spleen, thymus and liver, histology of spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes Histopathology, cell viability, lysosomal membrane stability... 

Immunopathology Differential B and T cell count Differential cell count, apoptosis... 

Ezendam, J. et al., Hexachlorobenzene-induced Immunopathology in Brown Norway rats is partly mediated by T cells. Toxicol. Sci., 78, 88, 2004. 

NO has complex roles in immunological host responses against viruses, and especially against HIV-1 infection. In HIV-1 infection, NO cannot be rigidly classified as an anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory molecule, but it can be deemed a true inflammatory mediator. Many studies support a proviral effect of NO in HIV-1 infection, mainly based on stimulation of viral replication, and on toxic effects on various cells, including central nervous system cells, via oxidative injury that may cause cellular and organ dysfunction, and immunosuppression and immunopathology, especially in the central nervous system. 

Immunopathology Routine hematology—complete and differential count routine toxicology information—weights of body, immune organs (spleen and thymus), liver, and kidney histopathology of immune organs. 

Immunopathology Enumeration of T and B cells and subsets immunocyto-chemistry of lymphoid tissues inumeration of cell types and numbers in the bone marrow... 

The respiratory mucosal surface is chronically exposed to a plethora of non-pathogenic environmental antigens, some of which are potential triggers for allergic disease. In order to protect against the immunopathological consequences of continuously responding to these ubiquitous stimuli, the local default immune response takes the form of non-inflammatory low-level T-helper 2 (Th2) immunity [1-4] and/or a form of T-cell-mediated... 

Fiset PO, Leung DY, Hamid Q Immunopathology of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006 118 287-290. 

Layland LE. Rad R. Wagner H. da Costa CU Immunopathology in schistosomiasis is controlled by antigen-specific regulatory T cells primed in the presence of TLR2. Eur J Immunol 2007 37 2174-2184. 

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