Immunochemical

J. M. Van Emon and R. O. Mumma, Immunochemical Methods for Environmental Analysis, ACS Symposium Series 442, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1990. 

Trace contaminants such as host cell proteins (HCPs) and DNA are deterrnined by more specialized techniques. Host cell proteins are generally deterrnined using an immunochemical assay, in which an antibody preparation, raised against a mixture of the HCPs, is used to selectively detect the total level of HCPs in the product. DNA can be deterrnined using a labeled mixture, or probe, of complimentary DNA from the host cell. 

J. Clausen, Immunochemical Techniques for the Identification and Estimation of Macromolecules, 3rd ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1988. A. Kawamura, Jr., ed.. Fluorescent Mntibody Techniques and Their Applications, University of Tokyo Press, Baltimore, 1977. 

Common Procedures. The general analytical scheme for immunochemical methods is rather simple. The analyte of interest, the antigen (Ag), reacts with the analytical reagent, the corresponding antibody (Ah), forming an immunochemical antigen—antibody complex ... 

The immunochemical interaction between the antigen and antibody is very specific. By labeling either the antigen or antibody, the method s sensitivity is increased. The most frequently used labels to increase sensitivity are radionucHdes (see Radioisotopes) where the assay process is called radioimmunoassay (RIA), or en2ymes where the assay is named en2yme immunoassay (ElA) (see Enzyme applications). 

Va.ria.tions in Methods. The various immunochemical methods can differ in a number of ways. For example, the analytical reagent may be cmde antisemm, monoclonal antibodies, isolated immunoglobulin fractions, etc. The conditions under which the method is mn, detection of the antigen—antibody complex, and the techniques used to increase sensitivity or specificity of the reaction all maybe varied. 

Mycotoxins, toxic metaboUtes of some fungi, can be assayed by immunochemical techniques to determine concentration in animal feed and foodstuffs. Some of the analytes assayed in kits and the detection limits are Hsted in Table 4 (45). These assays are especially advantageous for routine analysis of large samples of foodstuffs (45,46). 

Immunochemical metliods drat utilize radioisotopic labeling can detect tire use of anabolic sex hormones drat increase die growdi in meat animals. Stilbene [588-59-0] trenbolone [10161 -33-8] and zeranol [55331-29-8] C gH2 0, can be successfully monitored by diese immunoassay techniques... 

Prindples of Enzymology for Technological Applications Technological Applications of Biocatalysts Technological Applications of Immunochemicals... 

Homogeneity of the protein in the crystal is questionable at this juncture. Based on physicochemical and immunochemical studies, it seems probable that the crystal contains more than one component,... 

Biologicals. Figure 1 The ABO blood group system with immunochemical specificity due to terminal sugars and reciprocal antibodies in the serum. From Immunity Immune Response in Inflammatory Disease by DeFranco, Locksley and Robertson [2]. 

Mancini G, Carbonara AO, Heremans JE. 1965. Immunochemical quantitation of antigens by single radial immunodiffusion. Immunochem 2 235-254. 

De Week AL Immunochemical particularities of anaphylactic reactions to compounds used in anesthesia. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1993 12 126-130. 

Baldo BA, Fisher MM, Pham NH On the origin and specificity of antibodies to neuromuscular blocking (muscle relaxant) drugs an immunochemical perspective. Clin Exp Allergy 2009 39 325. 

Sizemore, G. W. Heath, H. Ill "Immunochemical Heterogeneity of Calcitonin in Plasma of Patients With Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid". J. Clin. Invest. (1975), In Press. 

Cell wall pectins from immunochemical characterization to biological activity... 

The remarkable selectivity that is inherent in the reaction of an antibody with the antigen or hapten against which it was raised is the basis for the extensive use of immunoassay for the rapid analysis of samples in clinical chemistry. Immunochemical reactions offer a means by which the applicability of potentiometric techniques can be broadened. A number of strategies for incorporating immunoassay into the methodology of potentiometry have been explored... 

An electrode in which an antibody or an antigen/hapten is incorporated in the sensing element is termed an immunoelectrode . The potential response of the immuno-electrode is based on an immunochemical reaction between the sensing element of the electrode and antibody or antigen/hapten in the sample solution. One example of such an electrode is the polymer membrane electrode shown in Fig. 7. The selective response of this electrode to specific immunoglobulins is based on the interaction between antibody in solution and an antigen-ionophore complex in the membrane ... 

Very recently, a sandwich assay for prostatic acid phosphatase antigen was carried out using two cascaded enzyme reactions to provide amplification of the immunochemical event. In one format, an optical readout was used whereby a forma-zan dye was generated by reaction of a dye precursor and NADH generated from the second enzyme cycle. In the electrochemical format, the NADH generated in the second enzyme cycle was used to reduce Fe(CN) to FeCCN) " which was then detected amperometrically. While the use of Fe(CN) in ECIA has appeared in the... 

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