Homogeneity immunochemical

Nithipatikom, K., and McGown, L.B. (1987) Homogeneous immunochemical technique for determination of human lactoferrin using excitation tranfer and phase-resolved fluorometry. Anal. Chem. 59, 423. 

Homogeneous (immunochemical reaction in solution, no separation steps)... 

Homogeneity of the protein in the crystal is questionable at this juncture. Based on physicochemical and immunochemical studies, it seems probable that the crystal contains more than one component,... 

Abstract A significant number of immunochemical methods have been described for the determination of the most important emerging pollutants. The present chapter is a compilation of the information available today regarding immunochemical determination of industrial residues with a high potential risk of causing negative effects in the environment, wildlife, and public health. Homogeneous immunoassays, ELISAs, FIIAs, immunosensors, and selective immunoaffinity sample treatment methods have been reported for the analysis of an important number of these substances. The bases of these methods are briefly presented. 

In order to prove that specific isozymes are, in fact, involved in lignin formation, each must first be purified to homogeneity and subjected to appropriate immunochemical and kinetic investigations. Some cautious optimism for the resolution of this problem can be hoped for, since an antibody of the isozyme from Nicotiana tabacum has been obtained and its cDNA cloned (75). It is to be hoped that the following can now be determined ... 

Some electrochemically active substances that can generate photons on an electrode surface are suitable labels for homogeneous immunoassays. A labelled antigen exhibits an electrochemical reactivity and produces luminescence, but when it is immunochemically complexed, the labelled antigen loses its electrochemiluminescent properties. One optical immunosensor for homogeneous immunoassays was assembled by spattering platinum on the end surface of an optical fibre. Spattered platinum maintains optical transparency and functions as an electrode. An optical electrode efficiently... 

The vaccine, referred to as Melacine (Ribi Immunochemical Research, Inc.), contains homogenates of melanoma cells mixed with 0.25 ml Detox. In a multicenter phase II trial, with patients with... 

When a more specific detection system is used instead, a rigorous sample cleanup may not be necessary. This is actually the case with most of the microbiological and immunochemical detection systems applied in residue analysis. Owing to the selectivity and sensitivity of their detection principle, homogenization with an aqueous buffer is often tire only treatment required prior to analysis. Moreover, these detection systems are usually independent of the sample size as, in many cases, a single drop of milk or tissue fluid is sufficient to carry out a successful analysis. 

The use of immunochemical methods to study homogeneity and purity, and to elucidate polysaccharide structure, has been discussed.271 The following discussion will deal with the application of immunochemical methods to polyglycoses. 

Bausch and Poretz purified M. pomifera agglutinin on insolubilized polyleucyl, hog-gastric mucin.634 The immunochemically homogeneous protein migrated as a single component at acidic or alkaline pH in poly(acrylamide) gel electrophoresis, and focused as a single band... 

Rubenstein, K.E. Schneider, R.S. UUman, E.F. Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay—new immunochemical technique. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1972, 47, 846-851. 

Immunochemical assays that require a separation of the free from the bound label are termed heterogeneous those that do not are called homogeneous. 

Rubenstein KE, Schneider RS, UUman EF. "Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay New immunochemical technique. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972 47 846-51. 

Immunochemical methods for low molecular weight (<1000 D) environmental compounds, such as pesticides, nitro aromatics, and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) have been developed since more than 25 years (e.g. Hammock and Mumma, 1980 Hammock et al., 1990 Dankwardt, 2000). The most common method is the immunoassay, which is either carried out with (heterogeneous) or without (homogenous) separation steps. Heterogeneous formats that use microtitre plates, plastic tubes and/or membranes as solid supports are more commonly used. 

For some DS or DP, the protein molecule may need to be examined using immunochemical procedures [e.g., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Westem-blot] and utilizing antibodies that recognize different epitopes of the protein molecule. Immunochemical properties of a protein may serve to establish its identity, homogeneity, or purity, or serve to quantify it. 

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