Immunoglobulin specificities

The first is glycosaminoglycan, a compound produced by the body that coats the epithelial cells of the bladder. This compound essentially separates the bladder from the urine by forming a protective layer against bacterial adhesion.14 A second compound known as Tamm-Horsfall protein is secreted into the urine, and prevents E. coli from binding to receptors present on the surface of the bladder. Other factors implicated in contributing to host defense mechanisms include immunoglobulins, specifically IgA, and lactobacilli, bacteria that are part of the normal vaginal flora.13,15... 

Fassina, G., Verdoliva, A., Palombo, G., Ruvo, M., and Cassani, G. (1988). Immunoglobulin specificity of TG19318 A novel synthetic ligand for antibody affinity purification. J. Mol. Recognition 11, 128-233. 

Biotin has served this purpose well in both nucleic acid and antibody probe systems. As well as being easily detected with immunoglobulins specific for biotin, biotin may also be detected non-immunologically with avidin or streptavidin, two proteins which share a marked, highly specific affinity for biotin. The affinity constant for avidin-biotin interactions is approximately 10 - liters/mole, much higher than the range for antigen-antibody interactions which are commonly between 10 -10 liters/mole. Consequently, a vast number of detection complexes composed of avidin or streptavidin bound to a detection system are commercially available (e.g. streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase). 

Immunoglobuline Specific immune binding, agglutination, antibody-induced ozone formation... 

Tsai J, Margolis H, Jeng J, Ho M> Chang W, Hsieh M, et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen- and immunoglobulin-specific circulating immune complexes in acute hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1996 80 278-82. 

The primary functions of lymphocytes are to control and be the effector cells for the immune system. Many of these cells also are important synthetic sites for various cytokines. Lymphocytes can be functionally divided into cells that display cell-mediated immunity (T cells) and those that are responsible for humoral immunity (B cells Table 98-2). Several different T-cell subtypes are found in peripheral blood. These include the cytotoxic suppressor T cells (CDS), which attack intracellular pathogens and regulate the size and duration of the immune response, as well as helper T cells (CD4). The latter cells are responsible for delayed hypersensitivity, stimulation of B-ceU differentiation (maturation), and antibody production, in addition to regulation of inflammatory reactions. B lymphocytes ultimately become plasma cells, which produce immunoglobulin specific for an antigen attached to the cell s surface. 

Weston RD (1968) Penicilloylated protein contaminating 6-amino-penicillanic acid and benzylpenicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25 553 Wheeler AW (1971) A method for measuring different classes of human immunoglobulins specific for the penicilloyl group. Immunology 21 547 White JM, Brown DL, Hepner GW (1968) Penicillin-induced haemolytic anemia. Br Med J 3 26... 

Significantly increased immunoglobulins, specific antibody, and interleukins with chitosan nanoparticles... 

Fig. 2. Triazine-based immunoglobulin specific ligands, (a) Artificial Protein A (6) (b) optimized IgG-binding ligand 22/8 (8) (c) Protein L biomimetic ligand 8/7 (14). The ligand nomenclature refers to combinatorial triazine library components as described in the relevant references (reproduced from (17) with permission from Elsevier).

When used to detect mouse monoclonal antibodies this secondaiy antibody would have anti-mouse immunoglobulin specificity. The method can be adapted for a number of reporter molecules, for example other enzyme labels such as alkaline phosphatase, and fluorescent molecules such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). 

The basic structure of an antibody is a monomer although molecules could associate to form oligomers, which can help in the immunoglobulin-specific function. This is the case of the secretory IgA, a dimmer in which two molecules are grouped by a joining... 

One component of the age-ielated decline in immune function is decreased production of the lymphokine that promotes the growth of T-ceUs, interleukin 2 (IL-2). Administration of recombinant-derived IL-2, both in vitro and in vivo, appears to restore certain immune functions in aged mice. Recovery of T-regulatory effects on B-ceU differentiation has been reported in human cells from elderly patients treated with IL-1 and/or IL-2 (42). Similar effects have been observed in the presence of the pentapeptide thymopentin [69558-55-0] (Arg Lys Asp Val Tyr), a weU-known IL-2 inducer. Recombinant IL-2 adrninistered to aged mice for three weeks has been shown to correct the T-ceU functional deficiency associated with antigen-specific immunoglobulin production by certain lymphoid tissue (43). 

Va.ria.tions in Methods. The various immunochemical methods can differ in a number of ways. For example, the analytical reagent may be cmde antisemm, monoclonal antibodies, isolated immunoglobulin fractions, etc. The conditions under which the method is mn, detection of the antigen—antibody complex, and the techniques used to increase sensitivity or specificity of the reaction all maybe varied. 

Some forms of agarose are specifically designed to work with large (mol wt >500,000) molecules (27,28). The types of samples for which the agarose ief system are utilized are larger plasma proteins such as immunoglobulins, tissues, and tumors. 

With the realization that there are only a limited number of stable folds and many unrelated sequences that have the same fold, biologically oriented computer scientists started to address what is called the inverse folding problem namely, which sequence patterns are compatible with a specific fold If this question can be answered, such patterns could be used to search through the genome sequence databases and extract those sequences that have a specific fold, such as the cx/p barrel or the immunoglobulin fold. 

Antibody A protein (immunoglobulin) produced by humans and higher animals in response to exposure to a specific antigen, and characterized by specific reactivity with its complementary antigen. 

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