Antigen hapten

An electrode in which an antibody or an antigen/hapten is incorporated in the sensing element is termed an immunoelectrode . The potential response of the immuno-electrode is based on an immunochemical reaction between the sensing element of the electrode and antibody or antigen/hapten in the sample solution. One example of such an electrode is the polymer membrane electrode shown in Fig. 7. The selective response of this electrode to specific immunoglobulins is based on the interaction between antibody in solution and an antigen-ionophore complex in the membrane ... 

Since, both the radioactive and non-radioactive antigens (haptens) are more or less chemically and immunochemically the same, they will eventually compete for the limited number of antibody sites available thus, the amount of radioactivity that ultimately combines with the antibody will be an inverse function of the amount of unlabelled hapten competing for these sites,... 

Antigen (hapten or complete) via IgE mediated release of histsimine from basophils and tissue mast cells (complement independent). ... 

Antibody Antigen (hapten) Signal-generating group... 

The Preparation of Antigenic Hapten-Carrier Conjugates A Survey... 

Synthetic procedures used to prepare antigenic hapten-carrier conjugates are reviewed by Erlanger. Procedures that have proven successful with hapten molecules that possess carboxyl, amino, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups are fairly routine. The preparation of hapten-carrier conjugates by other synthetic routes is also considered. 

Antigens, haptens, and antibodies radiolabeled with or are commonly used as tracers in immunoassay. These nuclides can be introduced directly into functional groups normally present in proteins and other macromolecules or into suitable derivatives that can be synthesized by a variety of chemical procedures. The most widely used iodination methods have been direct chemical or enzymic substitution of hydrogen in tyrosine or related groups using chloramine-T or lactoperoxidase, respectively. These methods are described in separate chapters in this volume. 

B. E Erlanger, The preparation of antigenic hapten-carrier conjugates A survey, Methods Enzymol., 70 85-104 (1980). 

Primary antigen-antibody interactions can be used to quantitate both antigens and haptens. Methods exploiting primary interactions have been developed for both antigen-hapten and antibody quantitation. These methods involve combining... 

In indirect or passive hemagglutination, the erythrocytes are used as a particulate carrier of foreign antigen (and in some tests of antibodies) this technique has wide applications. Other materials available in the form of fine particles, such as bentonite and latex, also have been used as antigen carriers, but they are more difficult to coat, standardize, and store. In a related variation of tliis technique, known as hemagglutination inhibition, the ability of antigens, haptens, or other substances to specifically inhibit hemagglutination of sensitized (coated) cells by antibody is determined. 

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