Hypnotic

C. Has hypnotic properties similar to barbitone but its action is less prolonged. For manufacture, see barbiturates. 

C10H16N2O3. White crystalline powder, m.p. I22-124°C. Prepared by condensing ethyl butylethylmalonate with urea. It is used as a sedative and hypnotic. 

CCls CHO. A colourless oily liquid with a pungent odour b.p. 98°C. Manut actured by the action of chlorine on ethanol it is also made by the chlorination of ethanal. When allowed to stand, it changes slowly to a white solid. Addition compounds are formed with water see chloral hydrate), ammonia, sodium hydrogen sulphite, alcohols, and some amines and amides. Oxidized by nitric acid to tri-chloroethanoic acid. Decomposed by alkalis to chloroform and a methanoate a convenient method of obtaining pure CHCI3. It is used for the manufacture of DDT. It is also used as a hypnotic. 

CCl3CH(OH)2, C3H3CI3O2. Crystallizes in large, colourless prisms having a peculiar odour m.p. 57"C, b.p. 91-5 C. Manufactured by adding the calculated amount of water to chloral. For other properties see chloral. Its chief use is as a hypnotic. 

CifiHijClNj. White plates m.p. 125 C. Diazepam is one of several benzodiazepines which are very widely used as minor tranquillizers for allaying anxiety, as hypnotics or, in sufficiently high dosage given intravenously, as pre-anaesthetic sedatives. 

C12H12N2O3. White crystals, m.p. 174°C. Prepared by condensing the ethyl ester of phenylethylmalonic acid with urea. It is a more active hypnotic than barbitone. It and its sodium salt - soluble phenobarbitone - are used as sedatives and in treating epilepsy. 

Cj jH,2N202. Used as its sodium salt, which is a white hygroscopic powder. Unstable, readily absorbing carbon dioxide and liberating phenytoin. Made by treating a-bromodi-phenylacetylurea with alcoholic ammonia. It has a mild hypnotic and strong anticonvulsant action, and is used in the treatment of grand-mal and focal epilepsy. 

In addition to chloroform, many other compounds containing the trichloro-methyl group, CI3C-, show marked physiological action. Thus trichloro-acetaldehyde or chloral hydrate, Cl3C CH(OH) (p. 342), and trichloro-tertiary-butanol or chloretone, CUC CfCHaliOH, are both hypnotics. Similarly, tribromo-ethanol or avertin, BraC-CHjOH, has strong anaesthetic properties. 

An interesting set of central nervous system properties has also been discovered and studied (Table VI-10). The work devoted to piscaine must be emphasized besides finding hypnotic properties of 2-amino-4-phenyl-thiazole on fish, the authors studied the structure of the metabolite, as well as the localization of the (radio labeled) metabolic product in various organs. Recently, thiazol-4-yl methoxyamine was shown to inhibit the development of morphine tolerance (1607). 5-Aminothiazole derivatives such as 419a were proposed as cardiovascular agents (1608, 1610). Substitution of the 5-aminothiazole radical on the cephalophosphorin structure gives a series of antibacterial products (1609). 

Barbituric acid was first pre pared in 1864 by Adolf von Baeyer (page 112) A histori cal account of his work and the later development of barbiturates as sedative-hypnotics appeared in the October 1951 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education (pp 524-526)... 

Barbituric acid is the parent of a group of compounds known as barbiturates The bar biturates are classified as sedative-hypnotic agents meaning that they decrease the responsiveness of the central nervous system and promote sleep Thousands of deriva lives of the parent ring system of barbituric acid have been tested for sedative-hypnotic activity the most useful are the 5 5 disubstituted derivatives... 

HYPNOTICS, SEDATIVES, ANTICONVULSANTS, AND ANXIOLYTICS] (Vol 13) Corticotropin-releasing factor... 

Uses. Although cyanoacetic acid can be used in appHcations requiring strong organic acids, its principal use is in the preparation of malonic esters and other reagents used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, eg, barbital, caffeine, and B vitamins (see Alkaloids Hypnotics Vitamins). Cyanoacetic acid can be used for the preparation of heterocycHc ketones. 

Urea and malonic acid give barbituric acid (7), a key compound in medicinal chemistry (see also Hypnotics, SEDATIVES, AND anticonvulsants) ... 

Drugs. Ring-fluotinated aromatics have found broad pharmaceutical appHcations, eg, in tranquilizers, hypnotics, sedatives, antibacterial agents (qv), etc. Representative monofluorinated dmgs are Hsted in Table 4. Arprinocid [5579-18-15] is a fluoroaromatic-based veterinary dmg that has found wide acceptance as a coccidiostat for chicken feed. 

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