Hypnotic, cannabis

Pharmacological Profiles of Anxiolytics and Sedative—Hypnotics. Historically, chemotherapy of anxiety and sleep disorders rehed on a wide variety of natural products such as opiates, alcohol, cannabis, and kawa pyrones. Use of various bromides and chloral derivatives ia these medical iadications enjoyed considerable popularity early ia the twentieth century. Upon the discovery of barbiturates, numerous synthetic compounds rapidly became available for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia. As of this writing barbiturates are ia use primarily as iajectable general anesthetics (qv) and as antiepileptics. These agents have been largely replaced as treatment for anxiety and sleep disorders. 

Comparable findings for lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders were obtained in another study of 133 persons, which also found that 47% received a concurrent DSM-III diagnosis of substance abuse or dependence (Khantzian and Treece 1985). The most frequently abused substances were sedative-hypnotics (23%), alcohol (14%), and cannabis (13%). Similar rates of psychiatric disorders were found in other studies of drug abusers (Mirin et al. 1986 Woody et al. 1983). Although such diagnoses do not imply causality, and, in many cases, opioid dependence causes or exacerbates psychiatric problems, some causal link seems likely (Regier et al. 1990). 

Cannabis use does not appear to induce a "hangover" syndrome like that produced with alcohol or sedative-hypnotics in terms of sleep effects, mood, psychomotor skills, or cognitive function (Chait 1990). 

Its hypnotic properties were characterized. Its mechanism of action is far from being understood. Although it does not bind with high affinity to CB] or CB2 receptors, it exhibits some cannabimimetic actions, which could be explained at least in part by entourage effects. It is likely that oleamide and anandamide have common as well as distinct pathways of action. The 5-HT2A receptor appears to be a target for oleamide but the possibility of the existence of specific receptors for this compound is still open. Legget et have reported that oleamide is a full cannabi-... 

Nabitan (39) is a cannabis-inspired analgesic whose nitrogen atom was introduced in order to improve water solubility and perhaps to affect the pharmacological profile as well. The phenolic hydroxyl of benzopyran synthon is esterified with 4-(l-piperidino)butyric acid under the influence of dicyclohexyl carbodi mi de. In addition to being hypotensive and sedative-hypnotic, nabitran (39) is a more potent analgesic than codeine. The preparation of synthon begins with aceto-... 

Opiates Cocaine Amphetamine-ty >e stimulants Hallucinogens Cannabis Hypnotics and Sedatives Inhalants/ solvents ... 

CANNABIS ANXIOLYTICS AND HYPNOTICS-BZDs-alprazolam, diazepam, midazolam, triazolam Unpredictable changes in plasma concentration. Risk of toxicity or therapeutic failure, particularly of drugs with a narrow therapeutic index Induction or inhibition of CYP3A4-mediated metabolism by cannabis. It is not yet known whether the effects are dependent on the degree of cannabis consumption Be aware. Watch for signs of toxicity, especially when cannabis use abruptly changes... 

Any age alcohol tobacco mild dependence on hypnotics and tranquillisers occasional use of LSD and cannabis. 

Christison [26] has reviewed the therapeutic uses of Cannabis in mid-19th century England. The analgetic power of hemp tincture was stressed, in particular in rheumatic and tooth pains. A marked mitigation of various types of spasm, the relief of asthmatic paroxysms and hypnotic effects were noted. A remarkable power of increasing the force of uterine contractions, together with... 

The reason for the relatively wide use of Cannabis in England by many of the British practitioners was probably due to the availability of Indian resin. In Europe, although known, its medicinal use was marginal. There are several reports from France on the successful use of Cannabis as oxytocic as well as on ocular pain and inflammation and in rheumatic pain [31-33]. Reports from Germany indicated its use as a hypnotic and in gastric disorders [34, 35]. It was found also to relieve vomiting and was said to be a true sedative of the stomach without causing any of the inconveniences experienced after the administration of opium, chloral or the bromides. 

CannaMnoids. General term for compounds from Cannabis species and synthetic derivatives of the compounds. Characteristic for the C., apart from their psychotropic activity, is a series of other pharmacological actions. As narcotic drugs are used the female flowering tips ( marihuana) of the Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa) or the resin obtained therefrom ( hashish). Among others, the resin contains dibenzopyran derivatives. Main constituents are cannabidiol, antiepileptic and hypnotic effects, cannabinol and tetrahydro-cannabinols (THC) of the two isomers 4 -THC (known previously as A -THC) and A -THC (with 8,9-double... 

A generic term relating to psychological and/a physical dependence when one or mae psychoactive substances or classes of psychoaaive substances are abused (alcohol sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics cannabis opioids cocaine amphetamine and other sympathomimetics hallucinogens caffeine nicotine ... 

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