Hypersensitivity reaction reduction

Biologies are sufficiently large and complex as to elicit immune responses directed to the protein. For the most part, the principal response elicited is a T cell-dependent humoral response. The development of an antibody response to a biologic in most cases has no adverse consequences (Schellekens 2002a Shankar et al. 2006). An antibody response is not an adverse event in itself. However, an antibody response to a biologic can have consequences that fall into three main categories hypersensitivity reactions, reduction in efficacy, and the induction of autoimmune disease (Schellekens 2002b). 

Solutions of different pectic substances were injected into healthy wheat plants, with or without the glycoproteogalactan elicitor, and the activities of the enzymes PAL and POD were determined. These enzymes are involved in the hypersensitive reaction of wheat against the rust fungus, and increased activities can be expected after elicitation, whereas suppressor active substances will cause a reduction of the elicitor-induced enzyme activities. 

Sulfasalazine is associated with various adverse effects, most of which are thought to be due to the sulfapyridine component. Common adverse effects that may be dose related include headache, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.19 Idiosyncratic effects include bone marrow suppression, reduction in sperm counts in males, hepatitis, and pulmonitis. Hypersensitivity reactions may occur in patients allergic to sulfonamide-containing medications. 

The arylpropionic acid derivatives are useful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, for reduction of mild to moderate pain and fever, and for pain associated with dysmenorrhea. Side effects of the drugs are similar to but less severe than those described for the salicylates. Those who are sensitive to salicylates also may be sensitive to and have adverse reactions when taking ibuprofen and related drugs. Acute hypersensitivity to ibuprofen has been reported in patients with lupus. The hypersensitivity reaction to sulindac can be fatal. The use of sulindac has also been linked to cases of acute pancreatitis. The use of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) topically in combination with sulindac has been reported to induce severe neuropathies. The concurrent use of ibuprofen with aspirin reduces the antiinflammatory effects of both drugs. Ibuprofen is contraindicated in patients with aspirin sensitivity leading to bronchiolar constriction and in patients with an-gioedema. As with all NSAIDs, renal and liver function should be normal for adequate clearance of the drugs. 

Daclizumab is used for the prophylaxis of acute rejection in patients receiving kidney transplants. A dose of 1 mg/kg is sufficient to completely block all the IL-2 receptors. It is administered in five doses at a 2-week interval where its elimination half-life is about 20 days. A combination of several other immunosuppressive agents including cyclosporine (or tacrolimus, rapamycin), mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids can be used with daclizumab. When it is used in combination with tacrolimus, the doses of tacrolimus are reduced. After tissue transplantation, the addition of daclizumab to the standard immunosuppressive regimen produces reduction in tissue rejection up to 50%. Daclizumab can cause hypersensitivity reactions, but it does not cause cytokine-release syndrome. There is a low incidence of... 

Dose-related toxicities of azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine include nausea, vomiting, bone marrow depression (leading to leukopenia, macrocytosis, anemia, or thrombocytopenia), and hepatic toxicity. Routine laboratory monitoring with complete blood count and liver function tests is required. Leukopenia or elevations in liver chemistries usually respond to medication dose reduction. Severe leukopenia may predispose to opportunistic infections leukopenia may respond to therapy with granulocyte stimulating factor. Hypersensitivity reactions to azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine occur in 5% of patients. These include fever, rash, pancreatitis, diarrhea, and hepatitis. 

While useful for evaluating substrate reduction and tissue distribution, the knockout mouse also presented specific challenges to the preclinical development program. After repeated administration of rhGAA, a predictable hypersensitivity response to the recombinant human protein was observed. Frequently this reaction resulted in morbidity and mortality associated with test article administration. This hypersensitivity reaction responded to diphenhydramine prior to, and as necessary, during dosing however, such intervention complicated interpretation of toxicity studies. 

Stearyl Alcohol Reduction of ethyl stearate in the presence of lithium aluminum hydride yields stearyl alcohol, which contains not less than 90% of 1-octadecanol. It is available as flakes or granules which are white in color and possesses a characteristic odor. It is insoluble in water and melts at 55-60 °C. Stearyl alcohol has stiffening, viscosity-enhancing, and emollient properties and hence is used in the preparation of hydrophobic ointments and creams. Its weak emulsifying properties help in improving the water-holding capacity of ointments. Hypersensitivity reactions are sometimes observed due to the presence of some minor impurities. Stearyl alcohol preparations are compatible with acids and alkalis and are preserved in well-closed containers in a cool and dry place [6]. 

Ibuprofen can cause renal impairment, ranging from an insignificant reduction to an acute fall in creatinine clearance associated with a general hypersensitivity reaction, especially in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus or acute tubular necrosis (20). The nephrotic syndrome without renal insufficiency and acute interstitial nephritis without the nephrotic syndrome have been described after self-administration of over-the-counter ibuprofen (SEDA-12, 86). 

The dramatic differences In mortality and morbidity between the nlrldazole-treated and control mice In our experiments are probably the result of reduction of worm burden to levels which can be tolerated by the animals. In addition, the low levels of nlrldazole diffusing from the Implants may contribute to amelioration of disease by suppressing granuloma formation. As delayed hypersensitivity reactions In the host have been shown to play a key role In the Immunopathogenesls of schistosomiasis, a low level of nlrldazole may help to alleviate the consequences of disease. 

Measles Infection. In a historical cohort study in Guinea-Bissau, measles infection was associated with a large reduction in the risk of skin test positivity to house dust mites, compared with children who had been vaccinated against measles and not acquired the infection [ 102(111C)]. The mechanism of this effect is difficult to fit into the hygiene hypothesis because measles causes sequential Thl and Th2 cytokine responses. Measles vaccination leads to an enhanced Th2-like effect, with suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions [159(NC)]. 

In two patients with P-thalassemia in whom chelation with deferoxamine and deferiprone, alone and in combination, had been unsuccessful, daily alternating combination treatment with deferiprone and deferasirox orally maintained a low iron burden [25 ]. In one patient there was also a reduction in iron overload. In the other patient treatment was complicated by multiple hypersensitivity reactions, after subcutaneous deferoxamine had repeatedly led to systemic hypersensitivity reactions with a rash, fever, and pain, and the subsequent use of deferasirox was also complicated by a rash, which reappeared on two occasions after low-dose... 

The rate of drug-induced adverse reactions in HIV-infected patients is over five times higher than the rate for HIV-negative subjects, and although the reason for this is not known, some observations related to reduction of the reactive nitroso-sulfamethoxazole metabolite may be pertinent. Deficiencies of ascorbate and thiols (for example glutathione), two agents that effect reduction of the metabolite in vivo, have been reported in HIV-infected subjects and it has been speculated that this may result in increased metabolite-mediated lymphocyte toxicity and a significantly increased risk of hypersensitivity reactions. 

Immunologic A 36-year-old woman with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed anaphylactic shock after intravenous itraconazole 200 mg on day 17 of a course of treatment she responded to glucocorticoid treatment [62 ]. On two subsequent days she had recurrences during itraconazole administration. Intravenous itraconazole was replaced by oral voriconazole 200 mg bd and there was no recurrence. T cell reduction, caused by immunosuppression, and itraconazole accumulation in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia are considered to be important causal factors for delayed hypersensitivity reactions. 

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