Hypersensitization reduction

Thiabendazole is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity. Thiabendazole is used with caution in patients with hepatic or renal disease. Thiabendazole is a Pregnancy Category C drug and is used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit outweighs the risk to the fetus. When thiabendazole is administered with the xanthine derivatives, the plasma level of the xanthine may increase to toxic levels. It is important to monitor xanthine plasma levels closely in case a dosage reduction is necessary. 

Solutions of different pectic substances were injected into healthy wheat plants, with or without the glycoproteogalactan elicitor, and the activities of the enzymes PAL and POD were determined. These enzymes are involved in the hypersensitive reaction of wheat against the rust fungus, and increased activities can be expected after elicitation, whereas suppressor active substances will cause a reduction of the elicitor-induced enzyme activities. 

Sulfasalazine is associated with various adverse effects, most of which are thought to be due to the sulfapyridine component. Common adverse effects that may be dose related include headache, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.19 Idiosyncratic effects include bone marrow suppression, reduction in sperm counts in males, hepatitis, and pulmonitis. Hypersensitivity reactions may occur in patients allergic to sulfonamide-containing medications. 

Peripheral neuritis Peripheral neuritis evidenced by paresthesias, numbness, and tingling, has been observed. Add pyridoxine to the regimen if symptoms develop. Hematologic effects Blood dyscrasias consisting of reduction in hemoglobin and red cell count, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, and purpura have been reported. If such abnormalities develop, discontinue therapy. Periodic blood counts are advised. Tartrazine sensitivity Some of these products contain tartrazine, which may cause allergic-type reactions in susceptible individuals. Tartrazine sensitivity is frequently seen in patients who also have aspirin hypersensitivity. 

Hematologic/Lymphatic Anemia hemolytic anemia thrombocytopenia thrombocytopenic purpura eosinophilia leukopenia granulocytopenia neutropenia bone marrow depression agranulocytosis reduction of hemoglobin or hematocrit prolongation of bleeding and prothrombin time decrease in WBC and lymphocyte counts increase in lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and platelets. Hypersensitivity Adverse reactions (estimated incidence, 1% to 10%) are more likely to occur in individuals with previously demonstrated hypersensitivity. In penicillin-sensitive individuals with a history of allergy, asthma, or hay fever, the reactions may be immediate and severe. 

Hypersensitivity Fever, skin eruptions of various types, including exfoliative dermatitis, infectious mononucleosis-like, or lymphoma-like syndrome, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, Coombs positive hemolytic anemia, jaundice, hepatitis, pericarditis, hypoglycemia, optic neuritis, encephalopathy, Leoffler s syndrome, vasculitis, and a reduction in prothrombin. 

For keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH) both antibody responses and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions can be determined [43—45]. In addition several infectious models, including bacterial, viral and parasitic infections may be used to challenge the immune system [18,46]. As survival and eradication of the infections is the primary function of the immune system, these models provide direct information on the functional status of the immune system. Direct immunotoxic compounds will induce immunosuppression and thus an increase in infection rate and/or severity of the infection. The number of infectious agents (bacteria, parasites, or viral colonyforming units), increased morbidity and mortality are indications for an immunotoxic effect. Also a reduction in specific antibody levels in animals treated with the test compound compared to nontreated controls indicates immunosuppression. 

The arylpropionic acid derivatives are useful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, for reduction of mild to moderate pain and fever, and for pain associated with dysmenorrhea. Side effects of the drugs are similar to but less severe than those described for the salicylates. Those who are sensitive to salicylates also may be sensitive to and have adverse reactions when taking ibuprofen and related drugs. Acute hypersensitivity to ibuprofen has been reported in patients with lupus. The hypersensitivity reaction to sulindac can be fatal. The use of sulindac has also been linked to cases of acute pancreatitis. The use of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) topically in combination with sulindac has been reported to induce severe neuropathies. The concurrent use of ibuprofen with aspirin reduces the antiinflammatory effects of both drugs. Ibuprofen is contraindicated in patients with aspirin sensitivity leading to bronchiolar constriction and in patients with an-gioedema. As with all NSAIDs, renal and liver function should be normal for adequate clearance of the drugs. 

The combined (S + Au)-sensitization usually is applied during the manufacture of the emulsion, but sensitization can be achieved also by bathing a coated S-sensitized emulsion in an aurous thiocyanate solution before exposure (161). Reduction sensitization can be combined with (S + Au)-sensitization under some conditions. Collier (162) found that reduction sensitization either before or after (S + Au)-sensitization increased both sensitivity and fog in a l-ym octahedral grain silver bromide emulsion. The largest increase in sensitivity and lowest increase in fog were achieved when reduction sensitization was applied after the S+Au. Hydrogen hypersensitization likewide is effective (108) and can produce large increases in sensitivity for some emulsions. 

Duglav and associates (173), in a study of the photoelectro-motive force in emulsion layers, observed an increase in the EMF with increasing time of sensitization in the presence of aurous thiocyanate complex. They attribute this increase to photohole capture and to decreased activity of photoelectron capture. Sensitization by stannous chloride, which forms reduction centers, produced a similar increase in photo EMF amplitude with increasing time of sensitization. (S+Au)-sensitization, however, does not provide for complete removal of holes in many emulsions. This is shown by the further increases in sensitivity obtained by hydrogen hypersensitization of both experimental and commercial emulsions (108). 

Daclizumab is used for the prophylaxis of acute rejection in patients receiving kidney transplants. A dose of 1 mg/kg is sufficient to completely block all the IL-2 receptors. It is administered in five doses at a 2-week interval where its elimination half-life is about 20 days. A combination of several other immunosuppressive agents including cyclosporine (or tacrolimus, rapamycin), mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids can be used with daclizumab. When it is used in combination with tacrolimus, the doses of tacrolimus are reduced. After tissue transplantation, the addition of daclizumab to the standard immunosuppressive regimen produces reduction in tissue rejection up to 50%. Daclizumab can cause hypersensitivity reactions, but it does not cause cytokine-release syndrome. There is a low incidence of... 

Dose-related toxicities of azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine include nausea, vomiting, bone marrow depression (leading to leukopenia, macrocytosis, anemia, or thrombocytopenia), and hepatic toxicity. Routine laboratory monitoring with complete blood count and liver function tests is required. Leukopenia or elevations in liver chemistries usually respond to medication dose reduction. Severe leukopenia may predispose to opportunistic infections leukopenia may respond to therapy with granulocyte stimulating factor. Hypersensitivity reactions to azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine occur in 5% of patients. These include fever, rash, pancreatitis, diarrhea, and hepatitis. 

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