Hydrotreating composition

Typical hydrotreating feedstock composition. Performance and product properties. 

Hydrotreating was carried out at 3.1 MPa (450 psig) and 613 K (340 °C) in a three-phase upflow fixed-bed reactor (Figure 1). The feed liquid was prepared by combining different quantities of 1.0 wt% tetralin (Aldrich, 99%), 0.02 wt% N as quinoline (Aldrich, 99%), 0.05 wt% S as 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT, Fisher, 95%), 0.3 wt% S as dimethyldisulfide (DMDS, Aldrich, 99%), n-octane (Aldrich, 99%), and balance n-tridecane (Alfa Aesar, 99%). Liquid product compositions were determined with a Hewlett-Packard 5890A chromatograph equipped with a 50 m dimethylsiloxane colunm (Chrompack, CPSil 5B) of 0.32 mm i.d. Reaction products were identified by matching retention times with commercially available standards. 

We begin with the structure of a noble metal catalyst. The emphasis is on the preparation of rhodium on aluminum oxide and the nature of the metal-support interaction. Next we focus on a promoted surface in a review of potassium on noble metals. This section illustrates how single crystal techniques have been applied to investigate to what extent promoters perturb the surface of a catalyst. The third study deals with the sulfidic cobalt-molybdenum catalysts used in hydrotreating reactions. Here we are concerned with the composition and structure of the catalytically active... 

Figure 13. Effect of hydrotreating severity on catalytic cracking light gas composition -- low severity cracking.

Hydrocracking40-44 is a highly severe hydrotreating operation and a highly flexible and versatile process. It allows the manufacture of products with wide composition range by selecting appropriate feed, catalyst, and operating conditions. Since... 

Hydrotreating catalysts are composed of cobalt or nickel molybdate or nickel tungstate on an alumina or zeolite support. The materials are sulfided with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) before use, but the final catalysts may retain some oxide and be of complex composition. 

Fu, J., Klein, G. C., Smith, D. F., Kim, S., Rodgers, R. R, Hendrickson, C. L., and Marshall, A. G. (2006a). Comprehensive compositional analysis of hydrotreated and untreated nitrogen-concentrated fractions from syncrude oil by electron ionization, field desorption ionization, and electrospray ionization ultrahigh-resolution FT-ICR mass spectrometry. Energy Fuels 20,1235-1241. 

The character and hydrocarbon-type composition of several syncrudes have been investigated by adaptation of methods developed for heavier fractions of petroleum crude oils. The methods are reviewed briefly, and results are summarized for five coal liquids and a hydrotreated shale oil Refining requirements for removal of heteroatoms, especially nitrogen, and conversion of polynuclear aromatics are discussed in relation to the composition of the syncrudes and the character of refined products to be expected. A preliminary report is given on the preparation of liquid samples from coals of widely different rank to permit more systematic correlation of hydrocarbon character with coal source in relation to refining. 

Using the assumptions outlined above, an estimate of hydrogen requirements for heteroatom removal can be made. This estimate is shown in Table IV. This particular shale oil is, in fact, the Paraho shale oil (direct heated mode) which was hydrotreated for the U.S. Navy by The Standard Oil Company (Ohio). Results from hydrotreating tests on this oil were reported by Robinson (3). The hydrotreater was said to add about 1,600 SCF per barrel of shale oil feed (12.05 kmol/m3). However, complete heteroatom removal was not achieved during hydrotreating. The composition of the hydrotreated whole shale oil was reported as ... 

TABLE B9 Elemental Compositions and Heating Values of Raw and Hydrotreated Coal Liquids ... 

M0S2 and WS2 modified with Ni and Co have major uses in the hydrotreating of various refinery streams. The composition chosen is a function of the feed and of the specific treatment needed hydrodesulfurization (HDS see Chapter 3.2.4), hydrodenitrogenation, demetallization, and reduction of unsaturation. 

Feedstock. A hydrotreated, straight-run naphtha from a North Sea crude was used as a base feedstock in the test program. By distillation (according to ASTM D-2892, with 15 theoretical plates and a reflux ratio of 5 1) three naphthas with different initial boiling points (IBP) and three naphthas with different final boiling points were produced. The boiling point properties of the base and the derived naphthas are given in Table I. The composition of the different naphthas was determined by GC analysis. 

Photoluminescence techniques will be applied to a broader range of systems, particularly oxide-supported sulfides (because of their important role in hydrotreating catalysis) as well as unsupported or oxide-supported (oxi)carbides or (oxi)nitrides (because of their growing importance as substitutes for noble metals and because they have metallic and acidic functions). Moreover, improved procedures for preparing catalytic materials will enable the design of tailored oxides with better defined characteristics, such as size, composition, and structure. The accumulation of data concerning the behavior of surface anions will also lead to a more refined view of the coordination chemistry of anions of nontransition elements. 

Table 2 Composition and properties of typical hydrotreating catalysts...

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