Hydrophilic extracts

Screening assays were used to study the effects on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity of whole leachate and relative organic and hydrophilic extracts on cell model after 24-72 h of exposure. 

Initial screening of lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts against influenza A/WY/03/2003 (H3N2) was selected from a library of diverse marine invertebrates, algae, and microorganisms. The primary influenza screen used in this study begins with a microscopic evaluation of the cytopathic effect of extracts on virus-infected mammalian cells and is quantified by an MTT stain. From 800 screened extracts, only one, well A4 in Fig. 1.1, which is the crude extract from G. 

Under normal reaction conditions, phenolic compounds are the predominant antioxidants in hydrophilic extracts of samples that easily transfer one hydrogen to the peroxy radical (ROO ). 

The majority of the published literature about echinacea focuses on the plant s activity as an immunostimulant. In many in vitro studies, echinacea extracts have been shown to stimulate phagocytosis, increase leukocyte mobility, and increase cellular respiration. Lipophilic extracts appear to be more active than hydrophilic extracts (Anonymous, 1996). 

Due to their high polarity and strong hydrophilicity, extraction of calystegines cannot be performed by the traditional Stas-Otto procedure in which alkaloids can be transferred to either aqueous or organic layer by... 

The classification of extractives is rarely made strictly according to substance classes. Therefore it can usually be divided into lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives due to the polarity (Table 9.4.4) or into primary and secondary extractives due to their biological function (Table 9.4.5). 

Alfonso-Lebrero JL et at (2003) Photoprotective properties of a hydrophilic extract of the fern polypodium leucotomos on human skin cells. J Photochem Photobiol B 70(l) 31-37... 

Bao, H.N.D., Ochiai, Y., and Ohshima, T. 2010. Antioxidative activities of hydrophilic extracts prepared from the fruiting body and spent culture medium of Flammulina velutipes. Bioresource technology, 101(15), 6248-55. 

Theander O 1982 Hydrophilic extractives from the needles of Scots pine and Norway spruce. Svensk Papperstidn 9 R64-R68... 

Wheat straw is a lignoceUulosic material containing about 35 0% cellulose, 30-35% hemicellulose and 10-15% lignin (Harper and Lynch, 1981). Wheat straw also contains both lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives, which may be released and/or interfere during pulping and pretreatment of feedstock prior to hydrolysis of carbohydrate polymers to their monomeric... 

A drop of an aqueous solution of the mixture to be separated is now placed near the bottom of the paper strip and allowed to evaporate in the air. The strip is now again suspended in the closed cylinder, but with the bottom of the strip just immersed in the solvent. The capillary action of the paper will cause the solvent to rise steadily up the strip, and during this process the solvent, which now contains the mixture in solution, is continuously extracted by the retained water molecules in the paper. A highly hydrophobic (water-repellent) solute will move up closely behind the solvent-front, whereas a highly hydrophilic solute will barely leave the original point where the drop of the mixed solutes in solution has been dried. In an intermediate case,... 

Froth flotation (qv) is a significant use of foam for physical separations. It is used to separate the more precious minerals from the waste rock extracted from mines. This method reHes on the different wetting properties typical for the different extracts. Usually, the waste rock is preferentially wet by water, whereas the more valuable minerals are typically hydrophobic. Thus the mixture of the two powders are immersed in water containing foam promoters. Also added are modifiers which help ensure that the surface of the waste rock is hydrophilic. Upon formation of a foam by bubbling air and by agitation, the waste rock remains in the water while the minerals go to the surface of the bubbles, and are entrapped in the foam. The foam rises, bringing... 

Competitive Extraetion of Anions. The successful extraction of the necessary anion into the organic phase is cmcial for PTC. Often three anions compete for the catalyst cation the one that is to react, the one formed in the reaction, and the one brought in originally with the catalyst. Table 1 hsts the widely differing values of tetra-rr-butylammonium salts. The big difference in the halide series is noteworthy and preparatively important. Hydroxide is 10 times mote difficult to extract than chloride (11) and the divalent and trivalent anions and PO " are stiU more hydrophilic. Thus... 

Based on the calculation of the solvatation free energy of methylene fragment with carboxyl at the aliphatic carboxylic acids extraction, the uniqueness of cloud-point phases was demonstrated, manifested in their ability to energetically profitably extract both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules of substrates. The conclusion is made about the universality of this phenomenon and its applicability to other kinds of organized media on the surfactant base. 

Carbopol is widely used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical practice as a gel-former. Carbopol resins are hydrophilic polymers which swell in water solutions and transform into the gel form at neutralization. At the elaboration of special cosmetic preparations in which carbopol is used, the problem of raw materials compatibility appears. For example, some extracts of aromatic pectin containing materials destroy the gel structure of carbopol. High contents of bivalent metal ions, in particular calcium ions, destructively influence onto the gel-making ability of the system too. 

In this case study, an enzymatic hydrolysis reaction, the racemic ibuprofen ester, i.e. (R)-and (S)-ibuprofen esters in equimolar mixture, undergoes a kinetic resolution in a biphasic enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR). In kinetic resolution, the two enantiomers react at different rates lipase originated from Candida rugosa shows a greater stereopreference towards the (S)-enantiomer. The membrane module consisted of multiple bundles of polymeric hydrophilic hollow fibre. The membrane separated the two immiscible phases, i.e. organic in the shell side and aqueous in the lumen. Racemic substrate in the organic phase reacted with immobilised enzyme on the membrane where the hydrolysis reaction took place, and the product (S)-ibuprofen acid was extracted into the aqueous phase. 

Similarly, after a longer time of incubation, no significant changes in the cell proliferation rate was detected, as can be seen in the data for 72 h (Figure 13). In fact, this was expected due to the biocompatible nature of xylan. As a natural polyssacharide, this type of biomaterial is considered to be highly stable, non-toxic and hydrophilic (Liu et al., 2008). Accordingly, the alkaline extraction of xylan from corn has proved to be a safe approach for obtaining the polymer with no relevant toxicity (Unpublished data). 

Betalains are vacuolar plant pigments. Hence their hydrophilic nature is comprehensible. Although they are slightly soluble in ethanol and methanol, water is the best snited solvent both for stability and solnbility reasons. In contrast to the antho-cyanins, the betalains are even more polar as can be demonstrated by shorter retention times in RP-HPLC and lower solubilities in alcoholic solutions. The varying polarities may also be beneficially used to separate anthocyanins from betalains on an RP-18 solid-phase extraction cartridge (Stintzing, unpublished data). 

Updated infonnation regarding the extraction, purification, and functionalization of natural colors, with special focus on bioencapsulation procedures. The factors that specifically influence the stabihties of a whole range of natural colors, hydrophilic and lipophihc, for example, stabihty in the presence of low pH, fight, and heat, are considered along with solutions in given applications. 

To extract and evalnate the color pigments from cochineals Dactylopius coccus Costa), a simple method was developed. The procednre is based on the solvent extraction of insect samples nsing methanol and water (65 35, v/v) and a two-level factorial design to optimize the solvent extraction parameters temperature, time, methanol concentration in mixtnre, and yield. For hydrophilic colorants that are more sensitive to temperatnre, water is the solvent of choice. For example, de-aerated water extraction at low temperatnre was applied to separate yellow saffrole and carthamine from saffron (Carthamus tinctorius) florets that contain about 1% yellow saffrole and 0.3% red carthamine. ... 

Because most food matrices are water soluble, many efforts were directed to the formulation of lipophilic pigments (mainly carotenoids) into water-soluble formulations (powders or gels). For hydrophilic pigments like flavonoids, polar dried microcapsules are the most popular ways to stabilize their functionality. Extracts rich in P-carotene were encapsulated using three different encapsulation techniques (spray drying, drum drying, and freeze drying)." ... 

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