Water-soluble formulations

Because most food matrices are water soluble, many efforts were directed to the formulation of lipophilic pigments (mainly carotenoids) into water-soluble formulations (powders or gels). For hydrophilic pigments like flavonoids, polar dried microcapsules are the most popular ways to stabilize their functionality. Extracts rich in P-carotene were encapsulated using three different encapsulation techniques (spray drying, drum drying, and freeze drying)." ... 

Another proposed in vitro assay for muscle irritancy for injectable formulations is the red blood cell hemolysis assay (Brown et al., 1989). Water-soluble formulations in a 1 2 ratio with freshly collected human blood are gently mixed for 5 min. The percentage of red blood cell survival is then determined by measuring differential absorbance at 540 nm this value is then compared to values for known irritants and nonirritants. Against a very small group of compounds (four), this assay reportedly accurately predicts muscle irritation. 

Influence of water-soluble formulation additives PEG 400, PEG 3400 and lactose. 

Step A Time required to disperse viscosity-building agent in water. bStep B Time required to dissolve water-soluble formulation ingredients in water. 

As the name implies, this group of insecticides used in water-soluble formulations easily dissolves in water. In this formulation, the technical-grade material is a finely ground solid. It can be added to the spray tank, where it dissolves quickly. Once dissolved, an SP becomes an invisible solution that can be applied to approved surfaces without constant agitation. The most common SPs used in pest control are Acephate Turf and Acephate PCO Pro (Orthene) concentrates. 

Penicillin G is available in injectable formulations. The sodium and potassium salts (crystalline penicillin) are water-soluble formulations and may be injected i.v., i.m. or s.c. They rapidly produce high plasma concentrations but have very short half-lives, so must be administered frequently. The potassium salt must be administered more carehilly than the sodium salt, as rapid i.v. administration can cause cardiac arrhythmias. These formulations are frequently used for their Grampositive activity in life-threatening diseases and conditions such as surgical colic, neonatal septicemia and clostridial myositis. 

A water-soluble formulation of chloramphenicol sodium succinate is available for i.v. use. Chloramphenicol succinate is hydrolyzed to chloramphenicol in the liver. Chloramphenicol palmitate is an insoluble ester suitable for p.o. administration. Chloramphenicol palmitate is hydrolyzed to chloramphenicol in the gastrointestinal tract. Chloramphenicol (generic and veterinary labeled) is also available in a variety of tablet and capsule strengths. A long-acting formulation of florfenicol is approved for i.m. and s.c. administration to cattle. This formulation contains three carriers... 

Bromacil is very slightly soluble in water, so that much rain is needed for its activation. Its water-soluble formulation (Hyvar X-L) contains 21.9% bromacil lithium salt. It is incompatible with ammonium sulfamate, with the liquid formulations of aminotriazole, and with pesticides containing water soluble potassium salts. 

After 6 hours of extraction, all free iodine was extracted from water-soluble formulation B. No free iodine could be extracted from 6-24 hours. 

An aliquot of free iodine extract from Table 3 was tested for bactericidal activity. A = water-soluble formulation, B = partially water-soluble formulation and C = experimental water-insoluble formulation. 

Chemical Description Biological complex of acetylated galactosamine and idnronic acid with hydrolyzed proteins Trade Name Cromoist CS Function in Formula Skin moisturizer Use Concentration 0.5-5% in skin creams and lotions Solubility Characteristics Water-soluble Formulating Considerations Do not heat above 40°C Form Supplied Qear to slightly hazy amber liquid Microbial Considerations Standard for proteins Supplier Croda... 

Solubility Characteristics Water-soluble Formulating Considerations Do not heat above 40°C Form Supplied Amber viscous liquid Microbial Considerations Standard for proteins Supplier Croda... 

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