Higher phenols

Almost insoluble in cold water. Higher alcohols (including benzyl alcohol), higher phenols (e.g., naphthols), metaformaldehyde, paraldehyde, aromatic aldehydes, higher ketones (including acetophenone), aromatic acids, most esters, ethers, oxamide and domatic amides, sulphonamides, aromatic imides, aromatic nitriles, aromatic acid anhydrides, aromatic acid chlorides, sulphonyl chlorides, starch, aromatic amines, anilides, tyrosine, cystine, nitrocompounds, uric acid, halogeno-hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons. 

In 1991, the relatively old and small synthetic fuel production faciHties at Sasol One began a transformation to a higher value chemical production facihty (38). This move came as a result of declining economics for synthetic fuel production from synthesis gas at this location. The new faciHties installed in this conversion will expand production of high value Arge waxes and paraffins to 123,000 t/yr in 1993. Also, a new faciHty for production of 240,00 t/yr of ammonia will be added. The complex will continue to produce ethylene and process feedstock from other Sasol plants to produce alcohols and higher phenols. 

ZSM-5 N20-mediated benzene to phenol Increased lifetime Higher phenol yield and selectivity [65]... 

Bacteria grown under different conditions may show wide response to biocides. For example, fattened cells of Staph, aureus obtained by repeated subculturing in glycerol-containing media are more resistant to benzylpenicillin and higher phenols. 

The TS-1 catalysed hydroxylation of phenol to a 1 1 mixture of catechol and hydroquinone (Fig. 2.16) was commercialized by Enichem (Romano et ai, 1990). This process offers definite advantages, such as higher selectivities at higher phenol conversions, compared to other catalytic systems. It also illustrates another interesting development the use of solid, recyclable catalysts for liquid phase (oxidation) processes to minimize waste production even further. 

Robusta coffee has a somewhat higher phenolic content than Arabica (see Table 7). The feruloylquinic and dicaffeoylquinic acid content in Robusta is higher than in Arabica coffee beans.71 72... 

The fact that dihydroxyanthraquinones can be directly oxidised to higher phenols with fuming sulphuric acid is of technical importance. Alizarin and quinizarin yield in this way the same 1 2 5 8-tetra-hydroxyanthraquinone (alizarin bordeaux), which can be further oxidised to the important compound anthracene blue (1 2 4 5 6 8-hexa-hydroxyanthraquinone). This dye is obtained technically from 1 5-or 1 8-dinitroanthraquinone by means of a very interesting reaction,... 

Lysol. Brown, oily liq creosote odor poisonous. A mixt of alkali compounds of the higher phenols with fat and resin soaps. Obtained by boiling a mixt of heavy tar-oils, fats and resin with alkali. Sol in w, ale, eth, chlf benz (Ref 4). A registered trademark of Lehn ... 

The reaction is also of importance as a first stage in the preparation of certain higher phenols (p. 177). 

The initial activity of the carbon and alumina supported catalysts are compared in Table 2. The alumina supported catalyst is five times more active than the carbon supported one which is even less active than alumina alone. Nevertheless, carbon and alumina display an important difference of selectivity in the products of the conversion of methoxyphenol. The production of phenol is reported in Fig. 2 as a function of the production of hydroxyphenol for the two catalysts. The catalyst supported on carbon produces much less rapidly hydroxyphenol than the alumina supported one while it has a slightly higher activity for the production of phenol. The result is a much higher phenol to hydroxyphenol ratio. 

Other studies [110] have demonstrated that when staphylococci are repeatedly subcultured in media containing glycerol they become fattened with thicker cell walls. Such fattened cells have enhanced levels of cellular lipid that protects them from higher phenols but not from lower phenols, tetrachlorosalicylanilide (25) or hexachlorophene (26) [33, 110],... 

Black raspberries are not included among the top twenty superfruits because they contain higher phenolic acid contents, are therefore sour if not bitter in taste, and are generally not enjoyed as much for fresh eating as the red species. Also, there is a limited supply of black raspberries in North America as this species has not been well crossbred to increase its resistance to plant diseases. Accordingly, farmers have not invested in black raspberries as a plant with higher disease risk and lower yield. 

Values of reaction orders (Table 3) and competitive sorption effects mentioned in Section 3.3 could be quantified more satisfactorily using a adsorption kinetic model. The model was derived under the assumptions of constant volume reaction, nitrous oxide reacting from the gas phase (because of the small influence of nitrous oxide feed concentration on phenol selectivity), three times higher phenol sorption constant than benzene sorption constant (Kc6H5oh 3 Kc6H6, 3s derived from sorption simulation calculations), but without considering the dependency on temperature (reaction temperature 400°C) [5,7]. 

The high reactivity of CAD-dehcient wood appears to be related to a lower molecular weight and a higher phenolic content lignin [187], Young, partially CAD-deficient trees pulped about 25% easier than the corresponding same-age normal tree... 

Table 15.2-1 Equilibrium Distribution Coefficients for Extraction of Phenol and Higher Phenols from Water with Various Solvents...

In some exploratory experiments test conditions were selected for the phenol/ formaldehyde condensation. It was found that catalytic test experiments could best be carried out at a relatively high temperature, 180 C, to increase conversions generally a reaction time of 4Vi h was found suitable to compare materials with higher and lower deactivation rates. Application of 1,4-dioxane as a solvent did not improve the selectivity much, and therefore the experiments were carried out solvent free. Selectivities could be improved considerably when a higher phenol/formaldehyde-ratio was applied (see for example Figure 3) but, again to compare different catalysts, a molar ratio of 2/1 was considered most suitable in the catalytic test experiments. 

Looking at the pure humic compounds shown in Figure 4.18, the phenolic peak is sharpest for the NOM and is also significandy higher than in the IHSS samples. The IHSS HA has a clearly higher phenolic content than the IHSS FA. The carboxylic acid content is more obvious in the IHSS HA sample than in the FA, and no such peak is apparent in the NOM sample. It appears that the IHSS HA also contains more of the compounds stated by Page (1998) to be aliphatic alcohol (and thus the fraction which is difficult by conventional treatment). 

The impact of the protective colloid effect on the bitartrate stabilization of a wine varies according to the winemaking methods used. Red wines have a higher phenol content than white wines, and then-condensed tannins have a strong inhibiting effect. 

Phenol hydroxylation using HjOj as Homogeneous catalysts based TS-1 (Enichem) Enichem process allows higher phenol [67 69]... 

---