Halogeno-hydrocarbons

Nitroamlines. Acetyl derivatives (p. 388), Benzoyl derivatives (p. 388). Diamines. Diacet> l derivatives (p. 388), Dibenzoyl derivatives (p. 388). Halogeno-hydrocarbons, a-Naphthyl ethers (from reactive halogen compounds, p. 391, and their Picratcs, p. 394), Nitro-derivatives (p.39i). Carboxylic acid (if oxidisable side chain) (p. 393). 

Almost insoluble in cold water. Higher alcohols (including benzyl alcohol), higher phenols (e.g., naphthols), metaformaldehyde, paraldehyde, aromatic aldehydes, higher ketones (including acetophenone), aromatic acids, most esters, ethers, oxamide and domatic amides, sulphonamides, aromatic imides, aromatic nitriles, aromatic acid anhydrides, aromatic acid chlorides, sulphonyl chlorides, starch, aromatic amines, anilides, tyrosine, cystine, nitrocompounds, uric acid, halogeno-hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons. 

Chloral hydrate Acid halides Halogeno-hydrocarbons Ammonium salts )... 

Halogenoalkylaluminum compounds and the organoaluminum—halogeno-hydrocarbon systems are the catalysts of higher olefin oligomerization via a cationic mechanism. 

Bentonites also remove compounds from contaminated water which, at first sight, should not interact strongly with smectites. An example are halogenated hydrocarbons (chloroethanes, m-dichlorobenzene and several bromo hydrocarbons) which are irreversibly bound by sodium montmorillonite. (The adsorption on fumed silica is reversible). The irreversibility of the process indicates chemisorption. Certain aromatic halogeno hydrocarbons (2 and 4-bromotoluene and 1,2 dichlorobenzene) are, at least partially, catalytically transformed into higher molecular weight products [71]. 

Alcohols, ethers and esters frequently have quite pleasant odours, those of the last class often being described as fruity . Simple halogeno-hydrocarbons of low molecular weight possess not unattractive odours, e.g. chloroform. 

Nitro-halogeno-hydrocarbons. These compoimds are neutral, and insoluble in water. The determination of the degree of mobility of the halogen in the compoxmd affords a means of allocating the substance to its class. 

Aryl halides do not usually give a positive test for halogen when wanned with alcoholic silver nitrate solution, but certain activating groups may modify the normal reaction, e.g. see nitro-halogeno-hydrocarbons, (page 92). 

Aromatic halogeno-hydrocarbons (aryl halides). Aromatic halogenated nitro-hydrocarbons. 

AROMATIC HALOGENO-HYDROCARBONS AND HALOGENO-NITRO-HYDROCARBONS... 

Since the nitrogen in pyridine is electron attracting it seemed reasonable to predict that the trihalopyridynes would also show the increased electrophilic character necessary to form adducts with aromatic hydrocarbons under similar conditions to those employed with the tetra-halogeno-benzynes. The availability of pentachloropyridine suggested to us and others that the reaction with w-butyl-lithium should lead to the formation of tetrachloro-4-pyridyl-lithium 82 84>. This has been achieved and adducts obtained, although this system is complicated by the ease with which pentachloropyridine undergoes nucleophilic substitution by tetrachloro-4-pyridyl lithium. Adducts of the type (45) have been isolated in modest yield both in the trichloro- and tribromo- 58) series. 

The solubility of nitroglycerine in halogeno derivatives of hydrocarbons depends on their chlorine content. Thus, nitroglycerine can be mixed with dichloroethylene in all proportions but with 100 parts of trichloroethylene at room temperature only 20 parts of nitroglycerine are misdble, whilst nitroglycerine dissolves with difficulty in tetrachloroethylene and pentachloroethane. 

Optical resolution of some hydrocarbonds and halogeno compounds by inclusion complexation with the chiral host (9a) has been accomplished.11,12 Preparation of optically active hydrocarbons is not easy and only a few example of the preparation of optically active hydrocarbons have been reported. For example, optically active 3-phenylcyclohexene has been derived from tartaric acid through eight synthetic steps.11 Although one-step synthesis of optically active 3-methylcyclohexene from 2-cyclo- hexanol by the Grignard reaction using chiral nickel complex as a catalyst has been reported, the enantiomeric purity of the product is low, 15.9%.11 In this section, much more fruitful results by our inclusion method are shown. 

The stability of alkyl alanes which are substituted in the 3-position depends very much on the nature of the substituent. Mention has already been made of 1,3 elimination of AlX from 3-halogenoalkyl alanes. Since the compounds are readily formed from the corresponding stable 3-halogeno-alkyl boranes by alkyl exchange, the decomposition to AlX and cyclopropane hydrocarbons ... 

The products from photoreaction of 1,4-naphthoquinone and its methyl and halogeno-derivatives, with xanthene as a hydrogen donor, have been reported.2 A study has been made of the photoreduction of chloranil in acetone in the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons as electron donors,27 and of the photoreduction in ethanol of pentacene-5,7,12,14-diquinone and some derivatives.28 Photoreduction of 3,3, 5,5 -tetramethyldiphenoquinone (17) occurs in benzene, leading... 

The solubility of NHj in organic solvents is less than it is in water. Compared with the data of Table 8-2, the solubility of NH3 in CH3OH at 0, 10, 20, and 30 C is as follows, respectively 29.3, 24.2, 19.2, and 14 per cent. The solubility of NH3 in hydrocarbons and halogeno compounds is usually less than 1 per cent at room temperature. 

Enantiomeric Separation of Hydrocarbons and Their Halogeno Derivatives... 

The intramolecular esterification of simple m-hydroxy-acids (for example, those containing only a saturated hydrocarbon chain) or of its co-halogeno derivative can be realized easily (Fig. 5), but the harsh reaction conditions are not compatible with the numerous sensitive functions present in the seco co-hydroxyacids of natural origin. The necessity to perform the lactonization in a smoother way has been an efficient motor for progress. The same considerations apply for the macrolactamization or the formation of macrocarbocycles of natural origins. 

Sulfonic acid Isomer distribution data for the SO3 sulfonation are available for alkylbenzenes and their halogeno derivatives phenol and anisole, and their methyl, halogeno, and hydroxy and methoxy derivatives and naphthalene, and Its methyl, and hydroxy and methoxy derivatives. SO3 sulfonation Isomer distribution data are also available for a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 1,6-methano[10]annulenes, including some alkyl derivatives. ... 

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