Hybrid installations

The best strategy for acceptance in high-temperature gas/vapour separation (T > 200°C) and catalytic membrane reactors is probably its introduction in small-scale processes and/or hybrid installations which exist in two types (a) a combination of a membrane separation unit with a conventional process [4,7,12] and (b) interstage removal of component(s) by a membrane unit in between two reactors in series [15]. 

Victor Wouk, the godfather of the hybrid, installed a prototype hybrid drivetrain with a 16 kW electric motor into a Buick Skylark provided by GM for the 1970 Federal Clean Car Incentive Program. 

The Aromax process was developed in the early 1970s by Toray Industries, Inc. in Japan (95—98). The adsorption column consists of a horizontal series of independent chambers containing fixed beds of adsorbent. Instead of a rotary valve, a sequence of specially designed on—off valves under computer control is used to move inlet and withdrawal ports around the bed. Adsorption is carried out in the Hquid phase at 140°C, 785—980 kPA, and 5—13 L/h. PX yields per pass is reported to exceed 90% with a typical purity of 99.5%. The first Aromax unit was installed at Toray s Kawasaki plant in March 1973. In 1994, IFP introduced the Eluxyl adsorption process (59,99). The proprietary adsorbent used is designated SPX 3000. Individual on-off valves controlled by a microprocessor are used. Raman spectroscopy to used to measure concentration profiles in the column. A 10,000 t/yr demonstration plant was started and successfully operated at Chevron s Pascagoula plant from 1995—96. IFP has Hcensed two hybrid units. 

As of this writing (1996), 354 MWe of privately funded, paraboHc-trough electric generating capacity was operating in California. These trough systems operate in a hybrid mode, using natural gas. Collectively they accounted for more than 90% of worldwide solar electric capacity. The cost of these systems fell steadily from 0.24/kWh for the first 14-MW system to an estimated 0.08/kWh for the 80-MW plant installed in 1989 (5). 

When capital costs are also taken into consideration the picture changes again. In the experience of the present authors, it is rarely worthwhile to install a new hybrid unit. The best option will almost invariably be to install a catalytic reactor alone the marginal cost of completing the low-level decontamination is less than the costs associated with the chemical treatment unit. 

For continuous processes the catalytic reactor, or a hybrid process if satisfactory chemical dosing equipment is already installed, appear to be a near-optimum solution still for many installations. At moderate hypochlorite concentrations, economic benefit does accrue from using the catalyst in-loop rather than end-of-pipe, but these benefits may be offset by any required investment in heat-exchange capability. At concentrations above 10 wt% the integration of decomposition into the scrubbing process is beneficial to the overall cost base of hypochlorite treatment. 

Grease lubrication / hybrid bearings + Installation in any orientation... 

At Picatinny Arsenal there are at present (Nov 1968), two digital and one analog computers. A new "hybrid computer (which comprises both digital and analog features) is planned to be installed in December 1968... 

The Hybrid Computer planned to be installed is the Model 8900 of the Electronic Associates Inc, composed of the 8800 Analog and the 8400 Digital computers and its associated linkage (Ref 26)... 

On the other hand, a pervaporation membrane can be coupled with a conventional distillation column, resulting in a hybrid membrane/distillation process (228,229). Some of the investigated applications of such hybrid pervaporation membrane/distillation systems are shown in Table 9. In hybrid pervaporation/ distillation systems, the membrane units can be installed on the overhead vapor of the distillation column, as shown in Figure 13a for the case of propylene/ propane splitting (234), or they can be installed on the feed to the distillation column,... 

In a study on the photodegradation of lincomycin Augugliaro et al. [40] reported the use of a hybrid system consisting of a solar photoreactor with the catalyst suspended coupled with a membrane module. The photo-oxidation experiments were performed in a batch solar photoreactor at pilot plant scale by using compound parabolic collectors (CPC), installed at the Plataforma Solar of Almeria . 

The DLC market is expected to grow rapidly to reach the billion dollar size. Hundreds of millions of small size DLCs (IF, 5V) are used in the consumer electronic market for more than 20 years. Millions of larger size DLCs (350F, 2.5 V) have already been installed in industrial applications, like wind turbine pitch systems, since 2002. Today DLCs are already used in the car industry, as for example in the breaking actuator system of the Toyota Prius hybrid car, and in the aircraft industry, as for example in the door opening system of the Airbus A380. 

The installed costs (in January, 1997 dollars) for a Benfield Hybrid LoHeat Process in a 1,500 tonne per day ammonia plant are shown in Table 5.34. Table 5.35 lists the energy use in different Benfield processes that could be installed in a 1,500 tonne per day ammonia plant206. 

It is clear that during high wind and PV production months, H2 is used less, hence the lower re-electrifier output, and vice versa. Also, in spite of their almost identical capacities, wind turbines tend to be extremely more productive than photovoltaics this indicates that wind instalments are not only cheaper per kW, but also much more energy efficient. As a result, PV investments without further grants (such as per kWh produced) are bound to be excluded from any economic assessment of a proposed hybrid energy system, unless a multi-criteria analysis on 100% RES systems sums up concealed advantages, such as periodic lack of either solar or wind resource availability. 

A modern synthesis gas plant can be coupled to a gas/steam combined cycle. The gases could in a future installation be consumed at enhanced efficiency by a hybrid fuel cell/combined cycle plant, notably if the fuel cells were equipped with concentration cell circulators. See Section 5.2.13. 

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