Hybrid modes

As of this writing (1996), 354 MWe of privately funded, paraboHc-trough electric generating capacity was operating in California. These trough systems operate in a hybrid mode, using natural gas. Collectively they accounted for more than 90% of worldwide solar electric capacity. The cost of these systems fell steadily from 0.24/kWh for the first 14-MW system to an estimated 0.08/kWh for the 80-MW plant installed in 1989 (5). 

Del Villar et al. studied the phenomenon of the attenuation bands fading during the modal transition, which is not predicted by the numerical analysis presented here. They sophisticated the model first introducing a lossy overlay36 and successively the hybrid modes instead of the LP modes37. They also found in this last case a double step transition as opposed to the one step transition seen in this section. The double step transition is better observed when there is high index contrast between the cladding and the overlay and if low radial order modes are considered. 

Fig. 1 (a) Schematic representation of waveguide mode-surface plasmon coupling via k-vector match into a hybrid mode, (b) Experimental scheme of a planar waveguide with a small gold spot on its surface for transmission experiments... 

Ultrafast fluorescence quenching dynamics were studied by the fluorescence-up-conversion method with femtosecond mode-locked laser systems. For the studies of oxazine dyes, a synchronously pumped hybrid mode-locked dye laser with group velocity... 

For a Gaussian beam, the fields of the radiating electric and magnetic multipoles satisfy the same boundary conditions (vanishing faster than 1/p as p oo) so that the fields in the plane(s) defined by the transverse E (H) field and the optical axis are symmetric. It is difficult to generate a balanced hybrid mode in conventional smooth-walled metallic waveguide instead, one may use a component called a scalar horn. 

When the shelf scale is comparable with the internal Rossby radius, wave motions normal to the shelf induce vertical motions due to the inclined bottom that generate internal pressure gradients. Therefore, a separation between barotropic and baroclinic modes is not possible anymore and these modes are denoted as mixed or hybrid modes that have been called coastally trapped waves. To evaluate their dispersion relations with respect to frequency and longshore wave number and their modal structure in the vertical plain normal to the coast, a two-dimensional eigenvalue problem must be solved numerically (Brink, 1991). The nodal lines of the velocity modes of these hybrid modes are inclined with respect to the sea surface in contrast to the baroclinic modes in case of a flat-bottomed ocean. 

Hybrid Mode Concept of a Thermionic Converter with a FGM Structured Collector... 

A new hybrid mode concept of the thermionic energy converter was proposed. 

A number of papers dealing with the hybrid mode have been published, but they mainly deal with the mechanism of the arc at the emitter. On the contrary, this paper proposes that the ball of fire at the collector can result in an hybrid mode. To that effect a FGM structured collector is considered to generate the new hybrid mode. 

In this study, we have as its objective the improvement of the efficiency of thermionic energy converters. The electrical output characteristic of the converter shows two mode of operation, arc mode and unarc mode. Each mode have some merits and demerits. Therefore, hybrid mode is an ideal mode which makes use of the each mode merits. 

So, we applied the FGM technology to the development of the electrode materials needed for the hybrid mode. 

Usually, the hybrid mode hcis been realized by using the arc generation on the emitter , such as a grooved type emitter. 

However, FGM technology makes it possible to realize the hybrid mode by using the ball of fire generated at the collector. We report on the new hybrid mode and on a FGM collector which could be used to generate it. 

The positions on the I-V curve have been useful in determining a inner potential distribution which can be a effective guide in developing the theory of the hybrid mode. During the negative resistance region ((3)-(4))on the I-V curve, the discharge has been observed to look as a ball of fire .3)... 

The former operates as an arc mode, and the latter operates as an unarc mode.There are two modes together in the converter, so called hybrid mode. 

This new hybrid mode model, however, can be realized very rarely. If we have various collector work functions the probability of the realization of the model increases. Thermionic converters usually use cesiated, refractory metal electrodes. The work functions of these surfaces are dependent on the electrode materials. 

Fig. 3 Motive diagram for the hybrid mode corresponding to the two kinds of work function of the collector.

In this study, we proposed a new hybrid mode model of the thermionic energy converter with a FGM structured collector. Based on the model, we have experimented to deposit graded linearly molybdenum (Mo)and niobium (Ni,) on the substrate considered as the collector. 

The ball of fire yielded on the collector is available for the hybrid mode. 

Analogous hybridization modes are to be seen in the connections of all three angles (specified as complex, clathrate, cavitate) in Fig. 13. The description addition compound adduct) may be used to the best advantage if neither coordination nor a cavity exist, neither at the host molecule nor in the lattice build-up. Inclusidh com-... 

In this paper we investigate the use of a CsI(Tl)-photodiode detector in a hybrid mode, detecting low energy photons in the photodiode and higher energy photons in the scintillator. The different temporal characteristics of the two types of signal can then be used to distinguish them. 

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