Humans behavioral effects

Roache, J.D. and Griffiths, R.R., Lorazepam and meprobamate dose effects in humans behavioral effects and abuse liability, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 243, 978, 1987. 

Troisi, J. R., II, Critchfield, T. S., Griffiths, R. R. (1993). Buspirone and lorazapam abuse liabilit in humans Behavioral effects, subjective effects, and choice. Behavioural Pharmacology, 4, 217-230. 

Gestation is the period during which each individual s sexuality is first expressed and shaped. But impact on the organization of fetal sexuality seems to be most effective during certain sensitive gestational periods, windows of vulnerability. The exact periods for human behavioral effects of sex hormones remain unknown. The period 8—24 weeks of gestation may be most critical because that s when testosterone secretion surges in male fetuses, but there may be multiple sensitive... 

Risk compensation is a human behavioral effect whereby individual people may tend to adjust their behavior in response to perceived changes in risk. Individuals will tend to behave in a more cautious manner if their perception of risk or danger increases. Another way of stating this is that individuals will behave less cautiously in situations where they feel safer or more protected. 

The vomeronasal organ (VNO), located in the nose, is a small chemical sensing stmcture associated with odors and behavioral effects. The vomeronasal system, which is made up of the VNO and a portion of the brain s limbic system, is stmcturaHy independent of the olfactory and nervous terminalis systems in the nose. It may, however, interact with these systems in a manner dependent on prior experience or learning, and therefore be direcdy related to the association of smells and experiences. This independent chemosensory system in the nose may prove to open doors to new learning associated with the sense of smell and human behavior. 

Odors play a much greater role in human behavior than previously thought. The sense of smell provides a direct link with the function of the brain therefore, the further study of olfaction can only advance the learning of causes and effects of stimuli to the brain. 

Environmental exposures to PCBs are significantly lower than those reported in the workplace and are therefore unlikely to cause adverse human health effects in adults. However, it is apparent from the results of several recent studies on children that there was a correlation between in utero exposure to PCBs, eg, cord blood levels, and developmental deficits (65—68) including reduced bkth weight, neonatal behavior anomaUes, and poorer recognition memories. At four years of age, there was stiU a correlation between prenatal PCB exposure levels and short-term memory function (verbal and quantitative). In these studies the children were all exposed to relatively low environmental levels of PCBs. Although these effects may be related to other contaminants, it is clear that this is an area of concern regarding the potential adverse human health impacts of PCBs. 

Successful installation, or roll-out, of your PSM systems requires sound planning and effective execution. No matter how diligent you have been, or how receptive and well-managed your company may be, no system as complex as PSM can work perfectly the first time. As every project manager knows, it s impossible to anticipate every outcome or contingency—especially when human behavior is involved. Pilot testing a new system provides the opportunity to identify weaknesses under controlled conditions this in turn enables you to fix problems before the system becomes fully operational. Once these problems are corrected, the pilot test produces a template for installation that can be replicated elsewhere. 

Mumford GK, Rush CR, Griffiths RR Abecarnil and alprazolam in humans behavioral, subjective and reinforcing effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 272 570-580, 1995b... 

Garrett BE, Griffiths RR The role of dopamine in the behavioral effects of caffeine in animals and humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57 533—541, 1997... 

Fiorea, S. M., Cuevasa, H. M., Oser, R. L. (2003). A picture is worth a thousand connections The faeilitative effects of diagrams on mental model development and task performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(2), 185-199. 

Atmospheric aerosols have a direct impact on earth s radiation balance, fog formation and cloud physics, and visibility degradation as well as human health effect[l]. Both natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to the formation of ambient aerosol, which are composed mostly of sulfates, nitrates and ammoniums in either pure or mixed forms[2]. These inorganic salt aerosols are hygroscopic by nature and exhibit the properties of deliquescence and efflorescence in humid air. That is, relative humidity(RH) history and chemical composition determine whether atmospheric aerosols are liquid or solid. Aerosol physical state affects climate and environmental phenomena such as radiative transfer, visibility, and heterogeneous chemistry. Here we present a mathematical model that considers the relative humidity history and chemical composition dependence of deliquescence and efflorescence for describing the dynamic and transport behavior of ambient aerosols[3]. 

I didn t go in mueh detail into what the effects of different doses were, but with fenfluramine we are getting toxieity in the range of 3, 6, and 10 mg/kg and to interfere with feeding behavior in the rat you arc dealing with an order of 2.0 mg/kg. So there isn t much of a window there. Similarly, for MDMA, the neurotoxie dose range is 10, 20 mg/kg and a human is taking approximately 2.0 mg/kg. Behaviorally effective doses are in the neighborhood of 4, 5, and 6 mg/kg. 

Phencyclidine (1 -[1-phenylcyclohexyl]pi peridine HC1 PCP) and its active derivatives produce unique behavioral effects in animals and psychotomimetic effects in humans. Drugs of this class have been demonstrated to bind saturably, reversibly, and with high affinity to specific binding sites in brain (Hampton et al. 1982 Quirion et al. 1981 Sircar and Zukin 1983 Vincent et al. 1979 Zukin and Zukin 1979). These sites have been shown to exhibit a characteristic heterogeneous regional distribution pattern (Quirion et al. 1981 Sircar et al., submitted for publication Zukin and Zukin 1979) distinct from that of any other receptor type. 

Sawyer, D. A., Julia, H. L., Turin, A. C., Caffeine and human behavior Arousal, anxiety, and performance effects. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 5(4), 415-439, 1982. 

Emory E, Patillo R, Archibold E, et al. 1999. Neuro-behavioral effects of low level lead exposure in human newborns. American Journal of Obstretrics and Gynecology, in press. 

Palfai T and Jankewicz H (1996). Drugs and Human Behavior. Wm. C. Brown, Madison, WI. Parrott AC (1998). Social drugs Effects upon health. In M Pitts and K Phillips (eds), The Psychology of Health. Routledge, London. 

Another criterion for determining the relevance of behavioral effects in animals to mental effects seen in humans is that both show the same pharmacologic... 

There are only two reports of the human evaluation of a 6-hydroxylated N,N-dialkyltryptamine. Szara and Hearst (223) studied the effects of 6-hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine (6-OH-DET 56) in a single subject. Doses of 1 and 2 mg were inactive a 5-mg dose produced a short-lasting perceptual disturbance and a 10-mg dose, after 1 hr, produced some psychotomimetic disturbances. Rosenberg et al. (182) compared the activity of DMT with that of 6-OH-DMT (55) in five human subjects. While DMT was active, the 6-hydroxy derivative was found to be inactive at intramuscular doses of approximately 50 to 75 mg. At a dose of 10 mg/kg, 6-OH-DMT (55) increased spontaneous activity in mice more so than a comparable dose of DMT 6-OH-DET (36) was essentially equiactive with DET in this respect (224). In most other animal studies, however, 6-hydroxylation of DMT has been observed to result in a decrease or complete loss of behavioral activity (228,236-238). The behavioral potency of 5-OMeDMT (59) was also reduced by 6-hydroxylation (226). 7-Hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltrypt-amine (7-OH-DMT 57) has not been evaluated in man. At an intraperitoneal dose of 33 jtM/kg, 7-OH-DMT displayed no behavioral effects in rats (228). The pharmacologic effects of all four hydroxylated derivatives of DMT, psilocin (49), bufotenine (53), 6-OH-DMT (55), and 7-OH-DMT (57) have been compared in studies by Taborsky et al. (228) and by Cerletti et al. (29). 

Alpha-methylation of DMT reduced its behavioral activity in animals, while alpha-methylation of N-methyltryptamine (27) resulted in an agent with stimulant properties (137,228). Alpha-methyltryptamine (a-MeT structure 77), however, is hallucinogenic in man at doses of about 30 mg. Thus it is two to three times more active than DMT (for review see refs. 24, 81, and 196). 5-Methoxy-a-methyltryptamine (5-OMe-a-MeT 78) was also determined to be twice as active in man as its dialkyl counterpart, 5-OMeDMT. In human trials, 5-OMe-a-MeT produced behavioral effects at about 3 mg (204). A comparison of the activities of the individual isomers of 78 in man has not been reported. However, Glennon and co-workers (76,83,90) found that the (+)-isomers of both a-MeT and 5-OMe-a-MeT are more active than their racemates in tests of discriminative control of behavior in rats. Although (+)-5-OMe-a-MeT was four times more active than its enantiomer, (-)-a-MeT did not produce effects similar to either racemic a-MeT or 5-OMeDMT. 

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