Aerosol Physics

In the systematic study of aerosol physics it is useful to recognize at division into aevosol m Ccrophys ics and aerosot macTophysics. Phenomena involving the formation, transport, and interaction of one or two (or, more generally, a small 

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Atmospheric aerosols have a direct impact on earth s radiation balance, fog formation and cloud physics, and visibility degradation as well as human health effect[l]. Both natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to the formation of ambient aerosol, which are composed mostly of sulfates, nitrates and ammoniums in either pure or mixed forms[2]. These inorganic salt aerosols are hygroscopic by nature and exhibit the properties of deliquescence and efflorescence in humid air. That is, relative humidity(RH) history and chemical composition determine whether atmospheric aerosols are liquid or solid. Aerosol physical state affects climate and environmental phenomena such as radiative transfer, visibility, and heterogeneous chemistry. Here we present a mathematical model that considers the relative humidity history and chemical composition dependence of deliquescence and efflorescence for describing the dynamic and transport behavior of ambient aerosols[3]. 

M Sacchetti, MM Van Oort. Spray-drying and supercritical fluid particle generation techniques. Inhalation Aerosols Physical and Biological Basis for Therapy 1996 337-384. 

Cuddihy, R. G., Gomez, S. R. and Pfleger, R. C. (1975). Inhalation exposures of beagle dogs to cerium aerosols Physical, chemical and mathematical analysis, Health Phys. 29, 257. 

Hidy, G. M., and J. R. Brock. The Dynamics of Aerocolloidal Systems. International Review on Aerosol Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 1. New York Pergamon Press, 1970. 397 pp. 

In some areas, e.g. aerosol physics and crystallisation, population balance models are used in situations when a number balance equation is required as well as conventional mass and energy balances. Randolph and Larson review this theory as it applies specifically to particulate systems [15], whilst Froment and Bischoff [16] present population balance equations in the context of an extension of classical RTD theory. 

This chapter treats those aerosol phenomena that are known or believed to be important in atmospheric chemistry. For treatment of related, but specialized, topics, a number of excellent references are available. The classic works on aerosol physics are The Mechanics of Aerosols by the late N. A. Fuchs (1964) and Highly Dispersed Aerosols (Fuchs and Sutugin, 1970). The... 

Pitari, G., V. Rizi, L. Ricciardulli, and G. Visconti, High-Speed Civil Transport Impact Role of Sulfate, Nitric Acid Trihydrate, and Ice Aerosols Studied with a Two-Dimensional Model Including Aerosol Physics, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 23141-23164 (1993). 

Standardized long-term measurements provide reliable information on statistical behavior of atmospheric aerosols, far beyond what could be obtained in short-term campaign-wise measurements. Although data from a period of only two years is shown, the results already provide a previously unavailable variety of information on the sub-micron aerosol physical properties and variability in Europe. Such information would also be hard to achieve based on information collected from separately managed stations, especially if the instrumentation and data handling are not harmonized. 

Dalby, R. N., Hickey, A. J., and Tiano, S. L. Medical devices for the delivery of therapeutic aerosols to the lungs, in Inhalation Aerosols Physical and Biological Basis for Therapy (Lung Biology in Health and Disease, Vol. 94). New York Marcel Dekker, 1996. 

Cuddihy RG, Hall RP, Griffith WC. 1974. Inhalation exposures to barium aerosols Physical, chemical, and mathematical analysis. Health Phys 26 405- 416. 

S. Skupin, L. Berge, U. Peschel, F. Luderer, Interaction of femtosecond light filaments with obscurants in aerosols, Physical Review Letters 93, 023901 (2004)... 

A second particle-charging mechanism is static electrification. This mechanism arises from one or a combination of several other mechanisms, making theoretical interpretation in terms of a single mechanism very difficult, if not impossible (and most experimenters have attempted to interpret their results in terms of a single mechanism). Five basic mechanisms can result in static electrification. These are examined for their importance in aerosol physics. 

Friedlander, S. K., in Aerosols, Physical Chemistry and Applications, C. Spumy (ed.), Gordon and Breach, New York, 1965. 

COSMO EM-ART Gas phase chem (58 variables), aerosol physics (102 variables), pollen grains Each LM time step Yes ... 

The NWP-CHEM gas-phase chemistry scheme (Korsholm 2009) was developed at the DMI for usage in online models. The scheme contains 17 advected gas-phase species and 20 reactions. Photolysis reaction rates are based on Poppe et al. (1996). A modal aerosol model with three log-normal modes, developed at DMI, will be used to treat aerosol physics (Goss and Baklanov 2004 Korsholm 2009). 

Within the completely online Enviro-HIRLAM (Baklanov et al. 2008a Korsholm et al. 2008b) the transport of chemical species is achieved in the same way like for other variables in HIRLAM (actually it was performed via the Tracer subroutine inside HIRLAM like for other scalars) on the same time steps and with the same grid. There is no need for any interface in Enviro-HIRLAM, because ACT is inside the HIRLAM model, so all the HIRLAM parameters are available for ACT. The model is designed to be used for operational as well as research purposes and comprises aerosol and gas transport, dispersion and deposition, aerosol physics and chemistry, as well as gas-phase chemistry. A Climate version Enviro-HIRHAM is also planned and will be developed in the near future. 

We have demonstrated our arguments on the basis of the Ambio (1982) war scenario, using much simplified rainout, aerosol physics and radiative equilibrium models. Our analysis of the amounts of burned materials and smoke production is likewise uncertain and no doubt can be much improved upon, but we have tried to avoid extreme assumptions. It is very hard to carry out sensitivity analyses in this new research field with so many uncertainties. It is quite possible to forward arguments for a much less severe impact of a nuclear war. For instance, one may propose... 

Jaenicke R. (1988) Aerosol physics and chemistry. In Landolt-Bornstein Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwis-senschaften und Technik". Springer, vol. 4b, pp. 391-457. 

Hickey, A.J. Inhalation Aerosols—Physical and Biological Basis for Therapy, Lung Biology in Health and Disease Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1996 94. 

Morawska L (2003) Environmental aerosol physics. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane Queensland, http //www.sbg.ac.at/ipk/avstudio/pierofun/transcript/aerosol2.pdf. Cited 15 May 2007... 

Available Instrumentation One of the most obvious constraints on chamber design and experimental programme is the availability of instrumentation to probe the quantities of interest. As outlined above, it is frequently necessary to simultaneously monitor aerosol physical and chemical properties in addition to gas phase ehemical composition. A wide range of instruments are available for deployment in ground and aircraft-based field measurement within the Atmospheric Sciences Group at the University of Manchester. These will be available for deployment in the ehamber in scheduled campaign mode and otherwise periodically when not in field use. In addition, there are a range of core instruments available for all experiments. The instrumentation suite is broadly classified as follows ... 

Aerosol physical properties mass, distribution spectra of aerosol particle size, Lidar ratio. 

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