Retrospective survey

Bergman, B. 1992 The Development of Reliability Techniques a retrospective survey. Reliability and System Safety, 36, 3-6. 

Zimmet SV, Strous RD, Burgess ES, et al Effects of clozapine on substance use in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder a retrospective survey. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20 94—98, 2000... 

Scott, N. R., Chakraborty, J., Marks, V., Caffeine consumption in the United Kingdom a retrospective survey, Food Sciences Nutrition 42F, 183, 1989. 

A cracked winchester of cone, acid leaked into sawdust packing and caused a fire [1]. A similar incident was involved in a freight-plane crash [2], Fuming acid, leaking from a cracked bottle, ignited a wooden truck [3], A retrospective survey on nitric acid packed in sawdust reveals an incident before 1894 [4],... 

Finally, this obituary and retrospective survey could not close without a significant mention of Richardson s celebrated rules for nucleophilic replacement of tosylates, mesylates, and halo groups by charged nucleophiles in carbohydrate pyranoid derivatives. They emanated out of his early studies at Reading on the preparation of... 

As might be suggested by the treatment outcome studies referred to above, anxiety disorders such as panic disorder have a chronic clinical course. A retrospective survey that reviewed literature on the course of depression and anxiety disorder before effective treatment became available [Keller and Baker 1992] showed that a high proportion of patients had little or no improvement in their condition over a number of years. Roughly half of 300 patients with panic disorder who received no active treatments showed no improvement over a 20-year period, for example. Like depression, panic dis-... 

Baxter K, Ling T, Barth J, Cunliffe W. Retrospective survey of serum lipids in patients receiving more than three courses of isotretinoin. J Dermatol Treat 2003 14 216-8. 

Nuttall TJ, Thoday KL, van den Broek AH, et al Retrospective survey of allergen immunotherapy in canine atopy. Vet Rec 1998 143 139-142. 

Storstein A, Vedeler C. Neuropathy and malignancy A retrospective survey. J Neurol 2001 248(4)322-327. 

In a 1-year retrospective survey of the use of intramuscular midazolam in a 30-bed acute inpatient general adult unit in Sydney, Australia, 212 doses of intramuscular midazolam were given, predominantly 5 mg (48%) or 10 mg (50%) (13). An antipsychotic drug was co-adminis-tered in 2.4%. Adverse effects were documented in eight episodes (3.8%), seven cases of excess sedation and one of urinary incontinence. None of the adverse effects required medical intervention. 

In a retrospective survey, behavioral changes occurred in nine of 69 children (median age 12 years) taking topiramate (634). Dosages in the affected children were 2.4— 8.5 mg/kg, and three children were taking monotherapy. Manifestations included school difficulties (635), mood swings (636), and aggression, irritability, and hallucinations (one case each). There was no apparent relation to dosage or titration rate. 

Psychiatric complications occur in both children and adults. While there is some evidence that a positive psychiatric history may increase the risk (and may represent a relative contraindication), behavioral and mood disturbances can occur in patients who had no similar episodes in the past. A retrospective survey of 50 patients with vigabatrin-associated psychosis (n = 28) or depression (n = 22) suggested that psychosis tends to occur in patients with more severe epilepsy and may be related to asided EEG focus or suppression of seizures (64% of patients were free of seizures). On the other hand,... 

A retrospective survey was conducted prior to embarking on "real-time" use of PGDE. The results shown in Figure 31.3 permit a comparison of limiting doses in humans versus mice. The doses used for this comparison were normalized for body surface area (e.g., 100 mg/m ), which is very exceptional for any other therapeutic class. The use of body surface area in clinical dosing for oncology has faded substantially, but it remains an excellent metric for cross-species comparisons. 

Nakamura, Y. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver retrospective survey in autopsy series. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1990 12 460-465... 

A patient with androgen-independent prostate cancer developed hypocalcemia during treatment with estramustine (12). The total serum calcium concentrations before and after the initiation of estramustine were 2.1 and 1.1 mmol/1 respectively. This prompted a retrospective survey of hjrpocalcemia in 135 consecutive patients taking estramustine 20% were affected. The authors speculated that estramustine may cause hjrpocalcemia by inhibiting mobilization of calcium and the action of parathyroid hormone on the skeleton. 

It has been reported that there is an increased risk of adverse reactions to amiodarone in patients undergoing anesthesia (SEDA-15, 171). However, in a retrospective survey of 12 patients who underwent anesthesia for urgent thyroidectomy due to amiodarone there were no anesthetic complications or deaths (227). 

Gabapentin-induced myoclonus may be more common than initially thought. In a retrospective survey, 13 of 104 consecutive patients developed myoclonus at gabapentin dosages of 800-3200 mg/day (11). Six of the patients had severe chronic static encephalopathy. Three had focal myoclonus, contralateral to the epileptic focus, and two had exacerbation of pre-existent myoclonus. In aU cases the myoclonus was mild and did not interfere with daily activities. The fact that in three patients the electroencephalogram did not show epileptiform discharges suggests that, at least in some cases, the myoclonus is non-epileptic in nature. 

A retrospective survey yielded five cases of tics in three men and two women aged 2.5-12 years) within the first 10 months of therapy (4-17 mg/kg/day) (32). Four had simple motor tics and one had mostly vocal tics (gasping sounds) with normal laryngoscopic evaluation. In three cases the tics resolved completely within 1 month of drug withdrawal and recurred in two after reintroduc-tion. A fourth had gradual improvement over 4 months after withdrawal in the fifth, simple motor tics improved spontaneously with a reduction in dose. 

Choreoathetosis is a rare adverse effect of some anticonvulsants, but has especially been associated with phenytoin. In a retrospective survey, three of 39 adults and one of 38 children developed choreoathetosis acutely when lamotrigine was added to phenytoin or vice versa (78). The effect was reversible by withdrawing one of the drugs. It was calculated that the risk of choreoathetosis is increased more than 50-fold when these drugs are combined, possibly owing to a pharmacodynamic interaction. 

Liver failure or cirrhosis were identified among 24 patients in a retrospective survey of more than 16 600 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had taken... 

In a retrospective survey of 355 medical records of patients who received intravenous PCA pethidine between 1988 and 1994 the mean consumption by patients who had used over 600 mg/day of pethidine was 13.3 mg/ kg/day in asymptomatic patients and 16.9 mg/kg/day in the 2% of patients who presented with central nervous system excitatory signs and symptoms (muscle twitches, jitteriness, agitation, and hallucinations) (13). The authors recommended a maximum safe dose of pethidine by PCA of 10 mg/kg/day for no more than 3 days. 

McLaughlin M, Thomas P, Onorato I, Rubinstein A, Oleske J, Nicholas S, Krasinski K, Guigli P, Orenstein W. Live virus vaccines in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children a retrospective survey. Pediatrics 1988 82(2) 229-33. 

In a retrospective survey, gastrointestinal adverse effects were less common in 150 patients taking valproate semisodium than in an equal number taking valproic acid (15 versus 29%), despite the fact that serum valproic acid concentrations were comparable in the two groups (73). Patients taking valproate semisodium were less likely to discontinue medication because of gastrointestinal adverse effects (4 versus 13%). The difference was ascribed to the enteric-coated formulation of valproate semisodium. 

The results of a retrospective survey indicated that patients receiving isophane insulin, which contains protamine, were subject to an increased risk of severe reactions simulating anaphylaxis when protamine was used to reverse systemic heparinization after cardiac catheterization (Gray et al., 1985). 

There is a widespread impression that Asian patients require lower doses of antipsychotic medications than do white patients. Several retrospective surveys and studies have generally found that Asian patients received lower doses than Caucasians did, although the data are far from consistent (Pi and Gray 1998). For example, in a retrospective study involving 13 Asian and 13 white... 

Parrish A, Robson S, Trey C, Kirsch R. Retrospective survey of drug-induced liver disease at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town 1983-1987. S Afr Med J 1990 77 199-202. 

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