Human immunodeficiency virus evidence

Ullum, H., Lepri, A. C., Victor, J., Aladdin, H., Phillips, A. N., Gerstoft, J., Skinhoj, P., and Pedersen, B. K. (1998). Production of beta-chemokines in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection Evidence that high levels of macrophage in inflammatory protein-1-beta are asociated with a decreased risk of HIV progression. J. Infect. Dis. 177 331-336. 

Liu Y, Tang XP, McArthur JC, Scott J, Gartner S (2000) Analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gpl60 sequences from a patient with HIV dementia evidence for monocyte trafficking into brain. J Neurovirol 6(Suppl 1) S70-S81 Liu H, Dow EC, Arora R, Kimata JT, Bull LM, Arduino RC, Rice AP (2006) Integration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in untreated infection occurs preferentially within genes. J Virol 80(15) 7765-7768... 

Zhu T, Muthui D, Holte S, Nickle D, Peng P, Brodie S, Hwangbo Y, Mullins II, Corey L (2002) Evidence for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vivo in CD14(-l-) monocytes and its potential role as a source of virus in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 76(2) 707-716... 

Roy S, Wang J, Kelschenbach J, Koodie L, Martin J (2006) Modulation of immune function by morphine imphcations for the susceptability to infection. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 1 77-89 Sabatier JM, Vives E, Marbrouk K, Benjouad A, Rochat H, Duval A, Hue B, Bahraoui E (1991) Evidence for neurotoxic activity of tat from human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 65 961-967... 

There is clear evidence linking defects of the immune system to the development of NMSC. For example, it is observed that patients receiving chronic immunosuppressant therapy for organ transplantation have a 50% risk of developing SCC within 20 years of transplantation, and 30% of these cancers are highly aggressive.21 Additionally, patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are predisposed to melanoma.18 Data also support the idea that UV radiation... 

Ohagen, A., Ghosh, S., He, J., Huang, K., Chen, Y., Yuan, M., Osathanondh, R., Gartner, S., Shi, B., Shaw, G., and Gabuzda, D. (1999). Apoptosis induced by infection of primary brain cultures with diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates Evidence for a role of the envelope.. Virol. 73, 897-906. 

At the global level, an analysis of the WHO database on burden of disease (http //www.who.int/evidence) shows that most of these deaths result from a handful of causes (WHO, 2005a). Figure 1 shows the major causes of death in children under five years of age. Estimates from the 2000-2003 database attribute 37% of these deaths to neonatal causes, 19% to pneumonia, 17% to diarrhoea, 20% to other — including injuries, measles, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) — and 8% to malaria. 

Chen W, Sulcove J, Frank I, Jaffer S, Ozdener H, Kolson DL (2002) Development of a human neuronal cell model for human immunodeficiency virus (HlV)-infected macrophage-induced neurotoxicity Apoptosis induced by HIV type 1 primary isolates and evidence for involvement of the Bcl-2/Bcl-xL-sensitive intrinsic apoptosis pathway. J Virol 76 9407-9419. 

Viral, parasitic, and bacterial infections have been linked to cancer (Table 9). DNA viruses such as Epstein-Barr, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, papillomaviruses, and Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus and RNA viruses such as human T-cell leukemia virus type I and human immunodeficiency virus have been implicated in causing cancer in humans and are listed as known-to-cause-cancer in humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC). In man, the liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, is associated with the development of cholangiocarcinomas of the liver and the blood fluke. Schistosoma haematobium, with carcinoma of the urinary bladder. There is evidence that chronic Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach in man is not only related to... 

Significant reductions in lymphocyte concentration (<1000/mm of blood) can be evident without apparent cause or in a variety of diseases, including acute inflammatory disorders, severe uremia, immune deficiency diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic infections such as tuberculosis or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, malignancies, and connective tissue diseases. Lymphocytosis (>4000/mm ) may occur with mononucleosis, pertussis, measles, or chickenpox, and in lymphoid malignancies. A progressive increase in mature lymphocytes may be indicative of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Increased levels of atypical lymphocytes may occur in patients with infections (e.g., mononucleosis, hepatitis, or cytomegalovirus), allergic reactions, or lymphomas." ... 

Evidence of antiviral effects has especially been shown for St. John s Wort [2,3,10], Plant preparations with different chemical composition have been assayed against various viruses and both, hypericin and pseudohypericin, were found to be particularly effective as virucidal agents. The two compounds have been shown to be active against a broad range of viruses and retroviruses, such as herpes simplex virus types I and II, vesicular stomatitis and influenza viruses, cytomegalovyrus and human immunodeficiency virus-1 [2,3,10,91,92]. 

These effects on Trp phosphorescence are illustrated by the spectra shown in Fig. 4. The single Trp-37 residue of the p7 HIV-l (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) nucleocapsid protein (p7) has a 0,0-band peak at 409.2 nm, which along with its large width indicates partial exposure to the polar solvent (see below). On complexing of p7 with (dG)g, a red shift of 4.4 nm occurs which we associated with the change to a more polarizable environment. Other evidence (see below) indicates that Trp-... 

Subject and experimental considerations in studies of abstinence Exclusion criteria that applied to all of our subjects include (1) major medical and psychiatric illnesses (2) head injuries with loss of consciousness for more than 5 min (3) evidence of any neurological abnormalities by history or examination (4) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity and (5) excessive illicit drag or alco-... 

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