Brain primary

CYPl lAl mRNA in adult rat brain, primary glial cultures, C6 glioma cells (Mellon and Deschepper, 1993 Zhang et al., 1995). 

Nat R, Radu E, Regalia T, Popescu LM (2001) Apoptosis in human embryo development 3. Fas-induced apoptosis in brain primary cultures. J Cell Mol Med 5 417-4 28... 

Also, neurons are a potential source of LPA in the developing brain as nanomolar concentrations of LPA are found in conditioned medium from embryonic brain primary cultures (Fukushima et al., 2000). 

Parylene s use in the medical field is linked to electronics. Certain pacemaker manufacturers use it as a protective conformal coating on pacemaker circuitry (69). The coated circuitry is sealed in a metal can, so that the parylene coating serves only as a backup should the primary barrier leak. There is also interest in its use as an electrode insulation in the fabrication of miniature electrodes for long-term implantation to record or to stimulate neurons in the central or peripheral nervous system, as the "front end" of experimental neural prostheses (70). One report describes the 3-yr survival of functioning parylene-coated electrodes in the brain of a monkey (71). 

Specific barriers may serve to limit dmg distribution. The placental barrier is of obvious importance to dmg action in the fetus. Dmg transfers across the placenta primarily by Hpid solubiHty. Hence, this barrier is not particularly restrictive. Similarly, the Hpid solubiHty of a dmg is a primary deterrninant in access to the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Generally, hydrophilic or charged dmgs can also penetrate to these latter areas, but the result is slow and incomplete. The blood brain barrier is composed of cells having tight junctions which are much less permeable to solutes than are the endotheHal cells of other tissues. 

The primary fate of acetyl CoA under normal metabolic conditions is degradation in the citric acid cycle to yield C02. When the body is stressed by prolonged starvation, however, acetyl CoA is converted into compounds called ketone bodies, which can be used by the brain as a temporary fuel. Fill in the missing information indicated by the four question marks in the following biochemical pathway for the synthesis of ketone bodies from acetyl CoA ... 

Primarily hydrolyses esters with longer aliphatic (compared to AChE) or aromatic acyl moiety, such as butyrylcholine (BCh) and benzoylcholine (BzCh). BChE is the primary circulating ChE. It is threefold more abundant than AChE in human blood and is found in liver, lungs, muscles, brain and heart. 

The neuropeptides are peptides acting as neurotransmitters. Some form families such as the tachykinin family with substance P, neurokinin A and neurokinin B, which consist of 11 or 12 amino acids and possess the common carboxy-terminal sequence Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-CONH2. Substance P is a transmitter of primary afferent nociceptive neurones. The opioid peptide family is characterized by the C-terminal sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-X. Its numerous members are transmitters in many brain neurones. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), with 36 amino acids, is a transmitter (with noradrenaline and ATP) of postganglionic sympathetic neurones. 

Somatostatin. Figure 1 Somatostatin-like im mu noreactivity in neurons of the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus of the rat. Coronal brain cryostat sections have been processed for im mu nohistochemistry and sequentially incubated with a primary monoclonal mouse anti human somatostatin antibody and secondary antimouse antibody conjugated with the fluorescence-dye Cy-3. Images have been taken with a Zeiss Axioplan fluorescence microscope. Scale bar, 100 pM. 

Substance P is a member of a group of polypeptides known as neurokinins or tachykinins. It is thought to be the primary neurotransmitter for the transfer of sensory information from the periphery to the spinal cord and brain. Substance P as well as neurokinin NKX receptors has been detected in vagal afferent neurons in the area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Substance P has been shown to increase the firing rate of neurons in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius and to produce retching when applied directly to these areas in animal studies. 

The various stimulants have no obvious chemical relationships and do not share primary neurochemical effects, despite their similar behavioral effects. Cocaines chemical strucmre does not resemble that of caffeine, nicotine, or amphetamine. Cocaine binds to the dopamine reuptake transporter in the central nervous system, effectively inhibiting dopamine reuptake. It has similar effects on the transporters that mediate norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake. As discussed later in this chapter in the section on neurochemical actions mediating stimulant reward, dopamine is very important in the reward system of the brain the increase of dopamine associated with use of cocaine probably accounts for the high dependence potential of the drug. 

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