Human cytokines

Copeland S., Siddiqui J., Remick D., Direct comparison of traditional ELISAs and membrane protein arrays for detection and quantification of human cytokines, J Immunol Methods 2004 284 99-106. 

Newburger, P. E., Dai, Q., Whitney, C. (1991). In vitro regulation of human phagocyte cytochrome b heavy and light chain gene expression by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and recombinant human cytokines. J. Biol. Chem. 266,16171-7. 

Moore, P. S., Boshoff, C., Weiss, R. A., and Chang, Y. (1996) Molecular mimicry of human cytokine and cytokine response pathway genes by KSHV. Science. 274, 1739-1744. 

Zyomyx chip technology is based upon an atomically flat gold surface to which is attached a proprietary SAM (self-assembled monolayer) surface for optimal protein binding (Peluso et al., 2003). The company launched its Protein Profiling Biochip System and Human Cytokine Biochip products in February 2003. 

Moody, M.D., Van Arsdell, S.W., Murphy, K.P., Orencole, S.F., and Bums, C., Array-based ELISAs for high-throughput analysis of human cytokines. Biotechniques, 31, 1-7, 2001. 

Before the discovery and development of recombinant human cytokines, a feeder layer of stromal cells was essential for the cultivation of hematopoietic cells. The first system for the successful expansion of hematopoietic cells from murine origin was described by Dexter more than 20 years ago [76,77]. Some years later this principle was transferred to human cells [78]. Stromal culture of hematopoietic cells is a generic term that covers a variety of cultivation concepts, as indicated in Fig. 3. 

Abbas, A. (2003). Cellular and Molecular Immunology. W. B. Saunders, London. Aggarwal, B. (1998). Human Cytokines. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford. 

This operation is illustrated by work on the human cytokine GCSF, a protein of 174 residues. The disulfide-linked loop (64-74) of this protein, thought to be involved in binding to the receptor, was replaced by various non-coded synthetic structures.[10] In this case recombinant methods were used to produce a variant of the parent protein having the appropriate cleavage sites for the production of the wanted fragments. 

The bead-based technology works not only for inflammatory mediators that have diagnostic/prognostic valne, bnt also for others (e.g., C-reactive protein, IL-6). This can make bead-based systems even more powerful. Kofoed et al. combined in-house and commercially available kits and used bead-based Luminex systems to assay biomarkers of potential interest in EDTA-plasma samples (70). A 3-plex assay for suPAR, sTREM-1, MIF was added to a commercially available human cytokine panel, IL-1P, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, and TNF-a. Compared to healthy controls, all eight analytes were significantly higher in plasma from bacterial sepsis patients. 

Lin, Y., et al. (2002) Profiling of human cytokines in healthy individuals with vitamin E supplementation by antibody array. Cancer Lett. 187, 17-24. 

Cytokine is a general term used for a diverse assortment of water-soluble protein molecules that mediate interactions between the various cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Over 100 human cytokines are currently under study and more than 300,000 research papers have been published in this area over the past 10-15 years. The interferons, discussed in section 6.2.1, are a subset of the cytokines, as are the interleukins, discussed in section 6.1.3. The nomenclature used to describe cytokines is somewhat confusing and varying subclasses of cytokines are recognized ... 

Chronic Proliferative Dermatitis The chronic proliferative dermatitis mutant mouse is one of a number of mouse models proposed for psoriasis. This spontaneous mutant was recently shown to be caused by a mutation in the Sharpin gene (86). This mouse model was used to screen recombinant human cytokines in which recombinant interleukin 12 (IL-12) but not interleukin 11 (IL-11) effectively corrected the skin disease (28). 

The CBA (BD Pharmingen) is a series of spectrally discrete, uniform-size microparticles that can be used simultaneously to detect different soluble analytes including cytokines in a single sample on the basis of different color using flow cytometry. This series of particles with discrete fluorescence intensities can simultaneously detect a panel of six human cytokines (IFN-y, TNF-o , IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10) (C9, C16) (Fig. 3 see color insert). This newly developed method can save more time, consume less sample, and achieve similar sensitivity (pg/ml) and reproducibility compared with ELISA. Moreover, the ability of the CBA to measure the concentrations of six cytokines from the same sample permits the calculation of cytokine ratios. Cytokine ratios are considered markers of various disease states such as asthma, atopy, and SLE (K3, A4). The relative balances... 

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been widely used for the detection of cytokine gene expression in clinical samples (W18, K5). However, conventional RT-PCR only offers a semiquantitative analysis. Recently, the Perkin-Elmer Corporation (Wellesley, MA) developed the TaqMan cytokine gene expression plate for real-time, in vitro quantitative evaluation of a panel of human cytokine gene expression using fluorescence detection. 

C9. Chen, R., Lowe, L., Wilson, J. D., Crowther, E., Tzeggai, K., Bishop, J. E., and Varro, R., Simultaneous quantification of six human cytokines in a single sample using microparticle-based flow cytometric technology. Clin. Chem. 45, 1693-1694 (1999). 

Ml 8. Mire-Sluis, A. R., Page, L., and Thorpe, R., Quantitative cell line based bioassays for human cytokines. J. Immunol. Meth. 187, 191-199 (1995). 

P7. Pippen, B., and Lotze, M., Cytokine gene therapy for cancer. In Human cytokines Their role in disease and therapy (B. B. Aggarwal and R. K. Puri, eds.), pp. 675-687. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, 1995. 

Vieira, P., de Waal-Malefyt, R., Dang, M. N., Johnson, K. E., Kastelein, R., Fiorentino, D. F., de Vries, J. E., Roncarolo, M. G., Mosmann, T. R., and Moore, K. W. (1991). Isolation and expression of human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor cDNA clones Homology to Epstein-Barr virus open reading frame BCRFl. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 1172-1176. 

T. Mao, J. Van De Water, C. L. Keen, et al. Cocoa procyanidins and human cytokine transcription and secretion. Journal of Nutrition 130 (2000) 2093S-2099S. 

Batten P, Yacoub MH, Rose ML. Effect of human cytokines (IFN-y, TNF-y, IL-1 P, IL-4) on porcine endothelial cells induction of MHC and adhesion molecules and functional significance of these changes. Immunology 1996 87 127-33. 

Huang R, et al. Array-based multiplexed screening and quantitation of human cytokines and chemokines, I Proteome Res 2002 1 337-43. 

Human Cytokines (Interleukins, Interferons, Other Cytokines)... 

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