Cytokine Gene Expression

Most studies of particle-induced pulmonary gene expression have addressed the initial phase of injury, the inflammatory response, and have focused on the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes and their temporal relation to the recruitment of inflammatory cells by the lung (14,41-45). The overwhelming majority of these studies have investigated the production of cytokines and other aspects of altered gene expression by the alveolar macrophage (5,46,47). Such studies 

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A variety of hypotheses relating particle properties to biological effects have been proposed to explain the pulmonary response to various forms of particles. Particle size, surface area, surface composition, and crystal structure have been proposed as key properties influencing particle-tissue interactions. Clearance, and impairment of clearance have also been implicated as mechanistic factors determining the outcome of particulate exposure. Although these are important issues that must be recognized, they are outside the scope of the current chapter. 

Cytokines Chemokines Growth factors Eicosanoids Enzymes 

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Messi M, Giacchetto I, Nagata K, Lanzavecchia A, Natoli G, Sallusto F. Memory and flexibility of cytokine gene expression as separable properties of human T(H)1 and T(H)2 lymphocytes. Nat Immunol 2003 4 78-86. 

Integrated In Vivo Model for Cytokine Gene Expression.296... 

Betts, C J. et al., Temporal changes in cytokine gene expression profiles induced in mice by trimellitic anhydride. Tox. Lett., 136, 121, 2002. 

Figure 2 Cytokine gene expression in immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIV) stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC were cultured in the presence or absence of IRIV. On days 1 and 2, culture cells were harvested and total cellular RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed. The cDNAs thus obtained were tested in real time polymerase chain reaction assays in the presence of primers specific for the indicated cytokine genes. Source From Refs. 6 and 9.

Bucy, R.P., Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A., Huang, G., et al. (1994) Heterogenicity of single cell cytokine gene expression in clonal T cell populations. J. Exp. Med. 180, 1251-1262. 

Canete ID, Llena J, Collado A, Sanmarti R, Gaya A, Gratacos J et al. Comparative cytokine gene expression in synovial tissue of early rheumatoid arthritis... 

Hamid Q, Boguniewicz M, Leung DYM Differential cytokine gene expression in acute vs chronic atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest 1994 94 870-876. 

Hengge, U.R., Chan, E.F., Foster, R.A., Walker, P.S. and Vogel, J.C. (1995) Cytokine gene expression in epidermis with biological effects following injection of naked DNA. Nat. Genet., 10,161-166. 

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been widely used for the detection of cytokine gene expression in clinical samples (W18, K5). However, conventional RT-PCR only offers a semiquantitative analysis. Recently, the Perkin-Elmer Corporation (Wellesley, MA) developed the TaqMan cytokine gene expression plate for real-time, in vitro quantitative evaluation of a panel of human cytokine gene expression using fluorescence detection. 

Okamoto, K., Martin, D. P., Schmelzer, J. D., Mitsui, Y., and Low, P. A. (2001). Pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine gene expression in rat sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain. Exp. Neurol 169, 386-391. 

McLean, A. G., Hughes, D., Welsh, K. I. et al. (1997). Patterns of graft infiltration and cytokine gene expression during the first 10 days of kidney transplantation. Transplantation 63, 374-380. 

Remick, D. G. and Villarete, L. (1996) Regulation of cytokine gene expression by reative oxygen and reactive nitrogen intermediates. J. Leukoc. Biol. 59,471-475. 

Giulietti (2001) An overview of real-time quantitative PCR applications to quantify cytokine gene expression. Methods 25 386-401... 

Figure 27.14. Activation of intracellular signaling pathways and cytokine gene expression by air pollution particles containing transition metals and endotoxin. (From Walters, D. M., and Bonner, J. C. Signal transduction and cytokine expression in particulate matter (PM)-induced airway remodeling. In Foster, W. M., and Costa, D. L. (Eds.). Air Pollutants and the Respiratory Tract, 2nd edition, Taylor Francis, New York, 2005, pp. 233-258.)...

Yan SD, Yan SF, Chen X, Fu J, Chen M et al (1995) Non-enzymatically glycated tau in Alzheimer s disease induces neuronal oxidant stress resulting in cytokine gene expression and release of amyloid beta-peptide. Nat Med 1 693-699... 

Borger P, Kauffman HF, Timmerman JA, Scholma J, van den Berg JW, Koeter GH Cyclosporine, FK506, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone differentially modulate cytokine gene expression in human airway-derived epithelial cells. Transplantation 2000 69 1408-1413. 

Sabourin, C.L., Petrali, J.P., Casillas, R.P. (2000). Alterations in inflammatory cytokine gene expression in sulfur mustard-exposed mouse skin. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 14 291-302. 

J. Szaflarski, D. Burtrum, and F. S. Silverstein, Cerebral Hypoxia-Ischemia Stimulates Cytokine Gene Expression in Perinatal Rats, Stroke 26 (1995) 1093-1100. 

HAuCl -induced T-cell activation resulted in early cytokine gene expression by lymphocytes from both BN and LEW rats since two to four hour incubation with the metal was sufficient to induce an increase in IL-4 and IFN-y mRNA. Nevertheless, the expression of IL-4 predominated in BN T-ceUs while the expression of IFN-y was favoured in LEW T-ceUs. The in vitro findings correlated quite well with the profile of cytokine expression in spleen cells of BN and LEW rats injected with HAuCl, which gave relevance to the in vitro data. The pronounced over-expression of IL-4 induced by gold in BN rats was probably related to the fact that BN rats mount preferential Th2 responses whatever the stimulus. It would be interesting to determine the frequency of IL-4 producing T-cells upon stimulation with gold and whether this phenotype concerns a peculiar T-cell subset. 

Burd, P.R, Costa. J.J., Metcalfe, D.D. and Siebenlist, U. (1990). Cytokine gene expression occurs via multiple pathways in primary murine bone marrow mast cells (BMMC). FASEB J. 4, A1705. 

Essayan, D.M., Kage, Y., Sobotka, A., Lichtenstein, L.M. and Huang S.R. (1993). Modulation of allergen-induced cytokine gene expression and proliferation by phosphodiesterase inhibitors invitro. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 91, 254. 

Bentley AM, Hamid Q, Robinson DS, et al. Prednisolone treatment in asthma. Reduction in the numbers of eosmophils, T cells, tryptase-only positive mast ceils, and modulation of IL-4, IL-5, and interferon-gamma cytokine gene expression within the bronchial mucosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996 153 551-6. 

Kanangat S, Babu JS, Knipe DM, Rouse BT. HSV-1-mediated modulation of cytokine gene expression in a permissive ceU line Selective upregulation of IL-6 gene expression. Virology 1996 219 295-300. 

Brown, D. M., Donaldson, K., Borm, P. J., Schins, R. R, Dehnhardt, M., Gilmour, R, Jimenez, L. A., and Stone, V. (2004). Calcium and ROS-mediated activation of transcription factors and TNF-alpha cytokine gene expression in macrophages exposed to ultrafine particles. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 286, L344-L353. 

Mace, K. F., Homung, R. L., Wiltrout, R. H and Young, H. A. (1990) Correlation between in vivo induction of cytokine gene expression by flavone acetic acid and strict dose dependency and therapeutic efficacy against murine renal cancer. Cancer Res. 50,1742-1747. 

Vile, R. G. and Hart, I. R. (1994) Targeting of cytokine gene expression to malignant melanoma cells using tissue-specific promoter sequences. Ann. Oncol. 5(Suppl. 4), 59-65. 

Mehindate K, Thibodeau I, Dohlsten M, Kalland T, Sekaly RP, Mourad W Cross-linking of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules by staphylococcal enterotoxin A superantigen is a requirement for inflammatory cytokine gene expression. J Exp Med 1995 182 1573-1577. 

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