DNA recombinant methods

Some of these compounds could be considered as dietary additives, but various other terms, including pesticides, can also be used. They can have beneficial effects on the environment and this aspect will be discussed later. The ionophore monensin, which is an alicyclic polyether (Figure 1), is a secondary metabolite of Streptomyces and aids the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry. Monensin is used as a growth promoter in cattle and also to decrease methane production, but it is toxic to equine animals. " Its ability to act as an ionophore is dependent on its cyclic chelating effect on metal ions. ° The hormones bovine somatotropin (BST) and porcine somatotropin (PST), both of which are polypeptides, occur naturally in lactating cattle and pigs, respectively, but can also be produced synthetically using recombinant DNA methods and administered to such animals in order to increase milk yields and lean meat production. "... 

Much of what we know about the regulation of information flow (gene expression) has been made possible by the ability to manipulate the structures of DNA, RNA, and proteins and see how this affects their function. The ability to manipulate DNA (recombinant-DNA methods) has generated a new language filled with strange-sounding acronyms that are easy to understand if you know what they mean but impossible to understand if you don t. Understand ... 

Manufacture of Large Molecule APIs (Recombinant DNA Methods) 340... 

MANUFACTURE OF LARGE MOLECULE APIs (RECOMBINANT DNA METHODS)... 

The first drug to be produced using recombinant DNA methods was insulin. In 1979, researchers at Eli Lilly and Company devised a procedure for synthesizing insulin using the common bacterium E. coli. The procedure was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1982, and genetically modified human insulin became commercially available in that year under the trade name of Humulin . 

The development of a recombinant DNA method for producing insulin synthetically was a remarkable achievement. However, it... 

Transgenic animal—Animal into which a gene from another organism has been introduced by recombinant DNA methods. 

For Kosan and others in the pharmaceutical industry, the intent is to learn enough about these enzymes from a structure-function viewpoint so they can be manipulated. Because polyketides are built by starting from one point and continuing sequentially along the pathway dictated by protein structure, a biochemist can trace through a molecule and make structure-function predictions for the assembly enzymes with reasonable accuracy. Using recombinant DNA methods,... 

Insulin Preparations. Since diabetes mellitus is a defect of one or more of insulin production, secretion, or action, the administration of insulin replacement as a treatment for diabetes in the 1920s was a landmark discovery. Historically, most commercial insulin came from either bovine or porcine sources. Beef insulin differs from human insulin by three amino acid substitutions pork insulin differs by only one residue. For many years, standard insulin preparations were 70% beef and 30% porcine. However, the biosynthesis of human insulin has now displaced the animal insulins, especially bovine insulin which was more antigenic. Mass production of human insulin by recombinant DNA methods is achieved by inserting the human proinsulin gene into either E. coli or yeast and treating the resulting proinsulin to yield the human insulin molecule. Insulin preparations may be divided into four major types ... 

Du Pont s medical diagnostics and pharmaceutical businesses are underpinned by substantial basic research in molecular biology and biochemistry. For example, Du Pont recently announced an improved, more reliable test for detection of antibodies to the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In another program the protein interleukin-2 produced in Du Pont s laboratories by recombinant DNA methods is being used in some very promising cancer research. 

Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, and Frederick Sangerb Chemistry Recombinant DNA, methods of sequence determination for DNA... 

DNA manipulations were performed by standard recombinant DNA methods (16) to construct the expression plasmid, and are not described here in detail owing to space limitations. 

Genentech Used recombinant DNA methods to make medically important drugs, including human insulin... 

Rituximab (IDEC-C2B8, Rituxan) is a chimeric anti-CD20 mAh in which variable regions from the parental murine mAh, IDEC-2B8, were joined via recombinant DNA methods to human IgGi and k constant-region sequences (166). The resulting chimeric mAh was shown to retain the binding specificity and affinity (.Sd = 8.0 nM) of the murine mAh. 

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