Horsetails

Schacbtel, /. box, case, -balm, n., -kraut, n. horsetail (Equuetum). -balmsaure, /. equi-setie acid. 

Numerousherbai diureticsare available as over-the-counter (OTQ products. Most plants and herbal extracts available as OTCdiureticsare nontoxic. However, most are either ineffective or no more effective than caffeine. The following are selected herbals reported to possess diuretic activity cetery, chicory, sassafras juniper berries St. John s wort, foxglove, horsetail, licorice, dandelion, digital is purpurea, ephedra, hibiscus parsley, and elderberry. 

Diuretic teas such as juniper berries and shave grass or horsetail are contraindicated. Juniper berries have been associated with renal damage, and horsetail contains severely toxic compounds Teas with ephedrine should be avoided, especially by individuals with hypertension. 

Carboniferous 345 Myr Climate cools, marked latitudinal gradients. Extensive forests of early vascular plants, especially club mosses, horsetails, ferns. Coal beds form. Amphibians diversify first reptiles appear. Radiation of early insect orders... 

In fields where some weeds were cleared using herbicides, other, more herbicide-resistant, species have appeared, such as common horsetail, coltsfoot, foxtail, wild oats, false wheat, etc. As a result of herbicide use, scratchweed, which cannot be destroyed by any herbicide, is making inroads into cereal crops, and chamomile has taken over rapeseed [6]. Using herbicides on rice fields caused the spread of wild, pesticide-resistant, low-yield forms of red-grain rice. 

A comparison of Tables I and II shows that the major coal measures of the world were derived from several quite different floristic assemblages. Thus the plants that gave rise to coals in Europe and the east and midwest of North America in the Carboniferous were part of a complex flora that included ferns, seed ferns, horsetails, lycopods and conifer precursors. Except for the conifer precursors, lignified xylem tissues tended to be minimal in these plant groups and unusually large leaves with extensive waxy cuticles were characteristic of three of the groups. 

Vascular plants a) Seedless plants Ferns, horsetails, club mosses 13,000... 

Fig. 1 Vegetative microspores of horsetail Equisetum arvense. Left - Dry spore with elaters fluoresce under UV light (360-380 nm) Right - Germinated spore without elaters. The blue-fluorescing cover is missed.

Experiment 1. Effects of allelochemicals on the germination of horsetail vegetative microspores. 

Roshchina, V.V., Melnikova, E.V., Yashin, V.A. and Karnaukhov, V.N. (2002). Autofluorescence of intact spores of horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) during their development. Biophysics (Russia) 47 318-324. 

Procedure Cholinesterase activity was measured according to the modified biochemical methods developed for crude preparations (Gorunef ah, 1978), using Ellman reagent 5,5"-dithio-bis(p-nitrobenzoic acid) or its red analogue 2,2-dithio-bis-(p-phenyleneazo)-bis-(l-oxy-8-chlorine-3,6) -disulfur acid in the form of sodium salt, which interact with thiocholine salt (Roshchina 2001). Water extracts of vegetative microspores of horsetail (Equisetum arvense) or Hippeastrum hybridum microspores (150 mg of microspores in 30 ml for 1 h) were used. 

Observations The reaction lasts 1 h. The results are expressed in pM s 1kg" 1 of fresh mass. As shown in our experiments, the rates of hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine of studied plant cells varied from 0.4 0.05 pM s 1kg 1 of fresh mass for pollen of knights star up to 0.105 0.01 pM s 1kg 1 of fresh mass for horsetail vegetative microspores. Table 1 shows I50 for inhibition of cholinesterase from microspores by used inhibitors. 

Figure 23 Comparison of antiradical properties of different tea types. 1, Sage tea 2, green tea 3, black tea 4, peppermint tea 5, bladder tea 6, dandelion tea 7, Saint-John s-wort tea 8, tea for cough 9, nettle tea 10, rosehip tea 11, chamomile tea 12, horsetail tea 13, linden flowers tea 14, marigold tea 15, fennel tea 16, cumin tea.

Where there is a severe perennial weed problem such as ground elder or horsetail, put the ground in grass, by either sowing seed or laying sod. Regular mowing for two or three years should solve the problem. 

Coupland, D. and Peabody, D.V. Adsorption, translocations, and exndation of gl3qrhosate, fosamine, and anritrole in field horsetail (Equisetum arvense), WeedScl, 29 556-560, 1981. 

Knoche H, Ourisson G, Organic compounds in fossil plants (Equisetum horsetails), Angewandte Chemie, International Edition 6 1085, 1967. 

Fungal associations with the lower land plants, including mosses, liverworts, horsetails, lycopods, ferns, and similar plants have been observed. These associations are similar to the endomycorrhizal, ectomycorrhizal and endophytic associations found in the more recently evolved gymnosperms and angiosperms. Thus far, there has not been a search for the natural products associated with these fungal symbionts it is... 

Equiseto- phyta (horsetail) 22/0 Goom. 1992 FATTY ACID DERIVS. polycarboxylic acids low low... 

Equisetum arvense L. E. hyemale L. E. ramosissimum Desf. Mo Ja Chao (Horsetail) (whole plant) Equisetonin, equisetrin, articulain, isoquereitrin, galuteolin, populnin, kaempferol-3,7-diglucoside, astragalin, palustrine, gossypitrin, 3-methoxypyridine, herbacetrin.48 Antihemorrhagic, anodyne, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic. 

Botanicals Plant extracts without petroleum-based synergists (pyrethrum, rotenone, nicotine, neem, horsetail) Rare Rare... 

All the coal we mine deep underground today is made up of the remains of plants that grew around three hundred million years ago — huge tree ferns, giant club mosses and horsetails. They thrived in the hot, humid climate, died and tumbled to the ground. During the ages they were covered by other dead trees and by layers upon layers of mud. Eventually, pressure and heat turned them into coal. 

Tissues containing silica are found tn the primitive algal phyla Pyrrhophyta (dinoflagellates) and Chrysophyta (diatoms and sihcoflagdlates). One family of higher plants, the Equisetaceae. or horsetails, contains gritty deposits of silica—hence their... 

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