Tree ferns

All the coal we mine deep underground today is made up of the remains of plants that grew around three hundred million years ago — huge tree ferns, giant club mosses and horsetails. They thrived in the hot, humid climate, died and tumbled to the ground. During the ages they were covered by other dead trees and by layers upon layers of mud. Eventually, pressure and heat turned them into coal. 

As I continue through the beds, pulling weeds, I recall a trip I took with a friend to Oaxaca, Mexico. We traveled through rainforests rich with diversity of tree ferns, cycads, pipers, aroids, bromeliads, and orchids. We also traveled through small villages where farmers practiced subsistence agriculture. They cultivated a diversity of modern corn varieties, as well as traditional landraces—crops selected for their adaptations to specific locations and their culinary characteristics. Often landraces... 

Cyathea dregei Kunze [licimamlilo, grassland tree fern] (Cyatheaceae) bark decoction is used for chancroid. The bark contains cardenolides, glycosides, polyphenols and terpenoids (18). 

Gao, L. Yi, X. Yang, Y.-X. Su, Y.-J. Wang, T., Complete chloroplast genome sequence of a tree fern Alsophila spinulosa insights into evolutionary changes in fern chloroplast genomes, BMC Evol. Biol., 2009, 9, 130-143. 

Even within the bryophytes, the simple 8,8 linked lignans (+)-megacerotonic and (+)-anthocerotonic acids, lacking regiospecific O-methylation at C3, have been identified in some hornworts (Anthocerotae). However, the lignans found in the Blechnaceous tree ferns, within the Pterydophytes, have 0-specific methylation and reductive modifications [2]. 

Milborrow [102] first isolated 8 -OH-ABA, but since then this compound has remained elusive due to its spontaneous rearrangement to PA. However, 8 -OH-ABA has been identified by GC-MS in methylated and trimethylsilylated extracts from immature fruits of Vigna [103], maize seedlings [104], and tree ferns [105] that were analyzed for gibberellins. Also, the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl conjugate of 8 -OH-ABA, which upon alkaline hydrolysis yielded PA, has been isolated from the fruits of Robinia pseudoacacia [106,107] (Fig.4). Recently, it has been found that 8 -OH-ABA forms a complex with boric acid that dissociates in water. The liberated 8 -OH-ABA is relatively stable in acidic solutions, but cyclizes to PA under neutral or basic conditions [108]. These findings may explain why isolation of 8 -OH-ABA has been so difficult to reproduce. 

Ho YS. Second-order kinetic model for the sorption of cadmium onto tree fern a comparison of linear and non-linear methods. Water Res 2006 40 119-25. 

H. A C30H20O11, Mr 556.48, yellow needles, mp. 224-225°C (decomp.), [a] +12.4°. H. B CjoHjoOu, Mr 572.48, yellow needles, mp. 214-215°C (decomp.), [a]n +7.8°. Biflavonoids from the tree fern Alsophila spinulosa (=Cyathea spinulosa) exhibiting a different linkage of the two flavone monomers from that of the other known biflavonoids. 

Smith and Smoot, 1990). This may be due to not only the deposition of a variety of different organic compounds that are believed to be the precursors of coal (Chapter 3) but also the accumulation of different parts of the plant (as well as different plants, e.g., trees, ferns, mosses, etc.) during the formation of the sediment (Murchison, 1991 Puttmann et al., 1991). Each compound type, tissue type, or plant type then progresses through the various maturation stages that eventually lead to coal. 

Biosorption is an efficient and economical method that can be used for the removal of heavy metals from wastewaters. The majority of recent biosorption smdies were conducted with low-cost agricultural waste such as sunflower stalks [14,15], orange peel [16], coconut cash [17,18], ohve stone [19, 20], steel-making slag [21], tree fern [22], olive tree pruning [23], rice husk [24], peanut hull pellets [25], and grape stalk [26,27], and all of them have been identified as potential biosorbents for heavy metal removal. 

Ho YS, Huang CT, Huang HW. Equilibrium sorption isotherm for metal ions on tree fern. Process Biochem 2002 37 1421-1430. 

Specialization for substrate preference may be one cause of low diversity in rhizogonian mosses. Within the group, 19 of 34 species and 5 of 11 genera (excluding Orthodontium) have a substrate preference of tree fern trunks (compare ecological descriptions in Scott and Stone, 1976 Churchill and Buck, 1982 Beever, 1984 Koponen et al., 1986 Karttunen and Back, 1988 Beever et al.. 

Beever, J. B. (1984) Moss epiphytes of tree-ferns in a warm-temperate forest. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory, 56 89-95. 

Coal is the remains of trees, ferns, and other plants that lived as much as three million years ago. These were cmshed into the earth, perhaps by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. They were pressed down by layers of earth and rock. They slowly decayed into coal. 

Ho, Y. S. Removal of copper ions from aqueous solution by tree fern. Water Research. 2003, 37,2323-2330. 

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