Horizontal vessels design

Horizontal vessel designs. The internal diameter and seam-to-seam length of the vessel can be determined. The effective length of the vessel can be assumed to be 75% of the seam-to-seam length. 

Horizontal Vessel, Vertical Leaf Filters. In a cylindrical vessel with a horizontal axis (Fig. 18), the vertical leaves can be arranged either laterally or longitudinally. The latter, less common, arrangement may be designed as the vertical vessel, vertical leaf filters but mounted horizontally. Its design is suitable for smaller duties and the leaves can be withdrawn individually through the opening end of the vessel. 

Generally, the horizontal vessel, vertical filters with leaves arranged laterally can be designed up to filtration areas of 300 m. Cake washing is possible but must be carried out with caution since there is a danger of the cake falling off... 

Horizontal Vessel, Horizontal Leaf Filters. These filters consist of a horizontal cylindrical vessel with an opening at one end (Fig. 19). A stack of rectangular horizontal trays is mounted inside the vessel the trays can usuaUy be withdrawn for cake discharge, either individuaUy or in the whole assembly. The latter case requires a suitable carriage. One alternative design aUows the tray assembly to be rotated through 90° so that the cake can faU off into the bottom part, designed in the shape of a hopper and fitted with a screw conveyor. 

Dyna Whirlpool A unique vessel design for capacities up to 100 t/h has been developed by the American Zinc Co. The separation occurs in a cyhndrical-shaped separatory vessel maintained in an in-chned position from horizontal. This system, known as the Dyna Whirlpool (DWT) process, provides for separate entiy of the medium and the feed sohds, as illustrated in Fig. 19-37. A distinct feature of this separator is that the feed enters the separator via gravity flow. Feed size may range from 0.05 to 0.0002 m (2 in to 65 mesh). Magnetite or ferrosilicon is generally used. 

Vertical Pressure Leaf Filters are essentially the same as Horizontal Plate Filters except for the orientation of the filter elements which are vertical rather than horizontal. They are applied for the polishing slurries with very lov solids content of 1-5% or for cake filtration with a solids concentration of 20-25%. As with the horizontal plate filter the vertical leaf filters are also well suited for handling flammable, toxic and corrosive materials since they are autoclaved and designed for hazardous environments when high pressure and safe operation are required. Likewise, they may be readily jacketed for applications whenever hot or cold temperatures are to be preserved.The largest leaf filters in horizontal vessels have a filtration area of 300 m and vertical vessels 100 m both designed for an operating pressure of 6 bar. 

NAO Inc. has a nnmber of proprietary designs for both vertical and horizontal vessel hydranlic flame arresters. Figure 5-8 shows the main components of a vertical dnal feed hydranlic flame arrester, and Figure 5-9 shows the details of a horizontal hydranlic flame arrester. 

Sand and other solid particles must be handled. Ibis ran be done in set lira] vessels with either the water oudet or a sand drain off ilte bottom. Experience with elaborately designed Mnd drains in huge horizontal vessels has nnt been very sauslaitoi y. 

Cross-flow devices can be constructed in either horizontal or vertical pressure vessels. Horizontal vessels require less internal baffling since the ends of almost all plates conduct oil directly to the oil/watcr interface and sediments to the sediment area below the water flow area. Vertical units, although requiring collection channels on one end to enable oil to rise to die oil/water interface and on the other end to allow sand to settle to the bottom, can be designed for more efficient sand removal. 

Stires developed analytical expressions that allowed adaptation of the horizontal basin design, described in the API manual, to a vertical cylindrical vessel (Fig. 1).J... 

As the oil flows within its designated cross-section area through the horizontal vessel, free water droplets form and begin to drop at a terminal velocity rate. The Vessize program calculates this terminal velocity VTWO. As discussed previously in the oil dehydration section, the Stokes law settling equation is used for the water droplet fall rate VTWO. 

Note the three particle sizes given in Fig. 4.10. The liquid drop in gas-phase input is 150 pm. A 500-pm water drop is selected as the oil-phase input, and a 200-pm diameter for a gas bubble in the oil phase is input. These values are intended to be variable inputs reflecting good design practice. The following addresses each of these three particle sizing recommendations in the gas and oil phases. We must also address the justification for selecting these particle sizes. Also please note that the size selections recommended are equally applicable to horizontal vessels, as well. 

Process pressure vessel cost. Process pressure vessels are always designed in accordance with the current ASME code. These major equipment items are always cylindrical metal shells capped with two elliptical heads, one on each end. Installation can be either vertical or horizontal. Vertical is generally a fractionation-type column with internal trays or packing, although the smaller-height vertical vessels (less than 15 ft) are mostly two-phase scrubber separators. The horizontal vessel is generally a two- or three-phase separation vessel. 

Description The unique reactor design uses a simple vertical U-shaped leg connected to a horizontal gas-liquid separation vessel. Reactant gases are fed to the bottom of the U where they dissolve and combine under sufficient static pressure to prevent boiling in the reaction zone. Above this zone, the heat of reaction produces vapor bubbles that flow upwards into the horizontal vessel. A natural circulation of EDC is induced by the density difference in the two legs of the U. ... 

Heavy-Oil Evaporation Dehydrator (HOE V-3). Figure B.5 illustrates the process flow schematics for the HOE unit. This horizontal vessel can serve as either an alternative to the DPET (should the oil-bitumen-rich stream exiting the FWKO contain less than 10% water) or as a secondary treater to the DPET. The HOE unit is designed to process an emulsion composed of oil-bitumen (70%), water (10%), and diluent (20%) at a combined rate of 460 L/h (70 barrels per day) for raw oil-bitumen of API gravity... 

The method used to support a vessel will depend on the size, shape, and weight of the vessel the design temperature and pressure the vessel location and arrangement and the internal and external fittings and attachments. Horizontal vessels are usually mounted on two saddle supports see Figure 13.20. Skirt supports are used for tall, vertical columns see Figure 13.21. Brackets, or lugs, are used for all types of vessels ... 

Design Considerations Gravity decanters normally are specified as horizontal vessels with a length-to-diameter ratio greater than 2 (and often greater than 4) to maximize the phase boundary (cross-sectional area) between the two settled layers. This provides more effective utilization of the vessel volume compared to vertical decanters, although vertical decanters may be more practical for low-flow applications or when space requirements limit the footprint of the vessel. 

To illustrate the preliminary design formulae and the time saved by using the standard form sheets, an example is worked out on the Vessel Calculation Form. Following the example, the derivation of the formulas is given. The forms may be used for horizontal vessels if the beam bending stress is used instead of wind stress and for riveted vessels if proper efficiencies are used for the joints. 

Stiffeners should never be located over circumferential weld seams. If properly spaced they may also double as insulation support rings. Vacuum stiffeners, if combined with other stiffening rings, such as cone reinforctunent rings or saddle stiffeners on horizontal vessels, must be designed for the combined condition, not each independently. If at all... 

Short, vertical vessels, vessels in stmctures, or horizontal vessels where the height is divided between two pressure zones may be more conveniently designed by applying the higher pressure uniformly over the entire vessel. 

There are 14 main stresses to be considered in the design of a horizontal vessel on saddle supports ... 

Wolters, B. J., Saddle Design—Horizontal Vessels over 13 Feet Diameter, Fluor Engineers, Inc., Irvine, CA, 1978. 

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