External Fittings

External heating/cooling jacket or limpet coils 

Drain valves, vent valve and pressure taps 

Shaft seals whether ordinary glands, water-cooled glands (for lower pressure only) or mechanical seals to be used—depends on operating conditions, nature of material inside the vessel (inflammable or toxic) 

3 Factors for Deciding Waii Thickness of Pressure Vesseis 

Purchaser should obtain approval for the pressure vessels design, welding joints, electrodes, etc. from a statutory authority before placing fabricationorder to vendor 

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When a problem is noted, it is generally best to look for solutions in easy-to-check-out areas. For example, check for leaks at all column connections and external fittings. Once the simple checks are completed, attempt to isolate the problem to the injector, column, detector (or transfer line), or instrument. 

The method used to support a vessel will depend on the size, shape, and weight of the vessel the design temperature and pressure the vessel location and arrangement and the internal and external fittings and attachments. Horizontal vessels are usually mounted on two saddle supports see Figure 13.20. Skirt supports are used for tall, vertical columns see Figure 13.21. Brackets, or lugs, are used for all types of vessels ... 

Support legs and foundation bolts shall be as per maximum load expected with all external fittings, gearbox, agitator, raw material loaded inside, etc. 

Welding of supports shall not be half complete before loading in internals such as trays, tower packings, catalysts on trays, internal cooling coils, and provision of external fittings and connecting gas and liquid pipes. 

The presence of noticeable (by measurement or by smell) concentrations of solvent vapor in the work area does not mean that lip vents should be engaged. The culprit causing the presence of solvent vapor is likely solvent dragout on parts (longer dwell time or superheat needed), splash out by sprays (improved cover or operator training needed), or leaks in external fittings (plumber needed). Lip vents will not capture or restrict these sources of emissions. 

Internal and external fittings, and attachments welded to pressure parts, should be fully penetrated. Nozzles should be self-reinforced with integral or welding-neck flanges. 

Most injuries as a result of earthquake are caused by falling furniture or internal or external fittings and architectural features. These can range from minor cuts and sprains to more serious lacerations, fractures, crush injuries, and, in some instances, bums. A smaller proportion of injuries are caused by individual falls caused directly by shaking. The most serious injuries and fatalities tend to be caused by failure of parts of stractures that casualties were either in or adjacent to at the time that the quake or significant aftershocks occurred. 

The essential dimensions and requirements for the liquid and vapor chamber for Procedure B are identical with those for Procure A and described in Annex Al. External fittings and features will vary depending on whether a gage or transducer is used and the provision for rotating the apparatus in the bath. Details of a commercially available unit are shown in Annex A2. ... 

A flask is provided with a long side neck (Fig. II, 25, 1) through which a capillary is inserted and attached externally by a short length of rubber pressure tubing. With this type of connexion there is essentially no contact of hot vapours with the rubber and little or no contamination results. The neck of the flask is preferably fitted with a standard ground joint if attack of the organic vapours on the rubber stopper is likely to occur. 

Place 30 g. of cycZobutane-1 I-dicarboxylic acid in a 100 ml. distilling flask, fitted with a thermometer, and connect the side arm to a 50 ml. Claisen flask supported in a funnel so that it can be cooled externally by rurming water. Heat the distilling flask in a metal bath at 160-170°... 

Curve-Fitting Methods In the direct-computation methods discussed earlier, the analyte s concentration is determined by solving the appropriate rate equation at one or two discrete times. The relationship between the analyte s concentration and the measured response is a function of the rate constant, which must be measured in a separate experiment. This may be accomplished using a single external standard (as in Example 13.2) or with a calibration curve (as in Example 13.4). 

Acryflc acid, alcohol, and the catalyst, eg, sulfuric acid, together with the recycle streams are fed to the glass-lined ester reactor fitted with an external reboiler and a distillation column. Acrylate ester, excess alcohol, and water of esterification are taken overhead from the distillation column. The process is operated to give only traces of acryflc acid in the distillate. The bulk of the organic distillate is sent to the wash column for removal of alcohol and acryflc acid a portion is returned to the top of the distillation column. If required, some base may be added during the washing operation to remove traces of acryflc acid. 

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